Field emission properties of single-walled carbon nanotube with amphoteric doping by encapsulation of TTF and TCNQ

Abstract

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Electric‐Field Enhancement of Photovoltaic Devices: A Third Reason for the Increase in the Efficiency of Photovoltaic Devices by Carbon Nanotubes

“…Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) show unique chemical and physical properties, which have been utilized in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology 1–4. Among their various applications, CNTs have attracted considerable attention as emitters for electron‐emission devices because of their high aspect ratio and excellent electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties 5–9. CNTs are known to enhance the electrical field in electron‐emission devices, which generate high field emission (FE) currents 6.…”

“…CNTs are known to enhance the electrical field in electron‐emission devices, which generate high field emission (FE) currents 6. Furthermore, hybrid composite materials with CNTs have demonstrated a synergy effect in the generation of strong FE currents 7–9…”

“…Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the measurement of the reverse‐FE currents. In general, the systems used to measure the FE currents consist of a sample electrode as the cathode and a conductive electrode as the anode, which tend to have a positive potential 6–8. However, the systems employed for investigating the effect of the CNTs in the photovoltaic cells were prepared using CIGS/CdS/SWNTs/FTO as the anode and a microtexturized tip silicon (µ‐tip Si) as the cathode, which tend to have a negative potential.…”

“…Table 1 shows the turn‐on field, the maximum FE current at 7.2 V µm −1 , and the β ‐value of the CIGS electrode with/without SWNTs layers. Materials in a strong applied electric field, E = V / h , emit electrons by tunneling according to the following Fowler–Nordheim (F–N) equation,7, 8 where I is the FE current density, A and b are constants, Φ is the work function, V is the applied electric field, and β is the geometric enhancement factor, i.e., the field enhancement factor. The turn‐on field ( V TO ) was calculated by measuring from the current density at 10 µA cm −2 (Inset of Fig.…”

Enhancement of Photocurrent Generation by C60-encapsulated Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes in Ru-sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cell

“…Materials in a strong applied electric field, E = V/d (V: applied electric potential, d: inter distance between an anode and a cathode), emit electrons by tunneling according to the following Flower-Nordheim (F-N) equation, 35,36 . where I is the FE current density, A and b are constants, Φ is the work function, and β is the geometric enhancement factor, i.e., the field enhancement factor.…”