Field Evaluation of a PCR Test for Schistosoma japonicum Egg Detection in Low-Prevalence Regions of China

Fung, Mai; Xiao, Ning; Wang, Shuo; Carlton, Elizabeth J.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0177

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…However, fluctuation of egg output in urine or stool occurs routinely, negatively influencing the sensitivity of the assay in the absence of repeated sampling (111). New diagnostic techniques such as egg detection by PCR aim to improve sensitivity, but the sampling limitations persist (112,113). Despite the development of new tools for diagnosis (reviewed in reference 114), there remains a need for better diagnostics, both in the field and in the clinic.…”

Section: Pzq Resistance In the Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Praziquantel for Schistosomiasis: Single-Drug Metabolism Revisited, Mode of Action, and Resistance

Vale

Gouveia

Rinaldi

et al. 2017

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

291

244

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Schistosomiasis, a major neglected tropical disease, affects more than 250 million people worldwide. Treatment of schistosomiasis has relied on the anthelmintic drug praziquantel (PZQ) for more than a generation. PZQ is the drug of choice for the treatment of schistosomiasis; it is effective against all major forms of schistosomiasis, although it is less active against juvenile than mature parasites. A pyrazino-isoquinoline derivative, PZQ is not considered to be toxic and generally causes few or transient, mild side effects. Increasingly, mass drug administration targeting populations in sub-Saharan Africa where schistosomiasis is endemic has led to the appearance of reduced efficacy of PZQ, which portends the selection of drugresistant forms of these pathogens. The synthesis of improved derivatives of PZQ is attracting attention, e.g., in the (i) synthesis of drug analogues, (ii) rational design of pharmacophores, and (iii) discovery of new compounds from large-scale screening programs. This article reviews reports from the 1970s to the present on the metabolism and mechanism of action of PZQ and its derivatives against schistosomes.

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Section: Pzq Resistance In the Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Praziquantel for Schistosomiasis: Single-Drug Metabolism Revisited, Mode of Action, and Resistance

Vale

Gouveia

Rinaldi

et al. 2017

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

291

244

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Conceptually, while it is easier to prove something is there rather than is not, this tipping point in theory versus evidence needs to be found that leads to sufficient proof that an absence of transmission, either contamination- or exposure-related, can be confirmed. Mathematical models suggest that even modest influx of parasites can lead to (re-)initiation of transmission which may well go under the radar of current methods of field-sampling [85]. An unforeseen implication is that unless alternative statistical frameworks are developed and applied, not just in snails but also in people, arguably in the interim, it may be more cost-effective to simply continue with MDA without any investigation of transmission [86].…”

Section: On Environmental Sampling: Practicalities and Pitfallsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in sub-Saharan Africa: developing an appropriate environmental surveillance framework to guide and to support ‘end game’ interventions

et al. 2017

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Schistosomiasis is a waterborne parasitic disease in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly common in rural populations living in impoverished conditions. With the scale-up of preventive chemotherapy, national campaigns will transition from morbidity- to transmission-focused interventions thus formal investigation of actual or expected declines in environmental transmission is needed as ‘end game’ scenarios arise. Surprisingly, there are no international or national guidelines to do so in sub-Saharan Africa. Our article therefore provides an introduction to key practicalities and pitfalls in the development of an appropriate environmental surveillance framework. In this context, we discuss how strategies need to be adapted and tailored to the local level to better guide and support future interventions through this transition. As detection of egg-patent infection in people becomes rare, careful sampling of schistosome larvae in freshwater and in aquatic snails with robust species-specific DNA assays will be required. Appropriate metrics, derived from observed prevalence(s) as compared with predetermined thresholds, could each provide a clearer insight into contamination- and exposure-related dynamics. Application could be twofold, first to certify areas currently free from schistosomiasis transmission or second to red-flag recalcitrant locations where extra effort or alternative interventions are needed.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0215-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Identification of an infected individual by using a copro-PCRbased method relies on the presence of parasite DNA in the analyzed stool sample, of which only a very small aliquot can be used in the assay (216). Moreover, inhibition of PCR by compounds within fecal samples can be a further problem, although diagnostic accuracy can be increased by combining parasitological or serological testing with PCR (217).…”

Section: Detection Of Schistosoma Dna By Pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Schistosomiasis is a major neglected tropical disease that afflicts more than 240 million people, including many children and young adults, in the tropics and subtropics. The disease is characterized by chronic infections with significant residual morbidity and is of considerable public health importance, with substantial socioeconomic impacts on impoverished communities. Morbidity reduction and eventual elimination through integrated intervention measures are the focuses of current schistosomiasis control programs. Precise diagnosis of schistosome infections, in both mammalian and snail intermediate hosts, will play a pivotal role in achieving these goals. Nevertheless, despite extensive efforts over several decades, the search for sensitive and specific diagnostics for schistosomiasis is ongoing. Here we review the area, paying attention to earlier approaches but emphasizing recent developments in the search for new diagnostics for schistosomiasis with practical applications in the research laboratory, the clinic, and the field. Careful and rigorous validation of these assays and their cost-effectiveness will be needed, however, prior to their adoption in support of policy decisions for national public health programs aimed at the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.

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Field Evaluation of a PCR Test for Schistosoma japonicum Egg Detection in Low-Prevalence Regions of China

Cited by 29 publications

References 31 publications

Praziquantel for Schistosomiasis: Single-Drug Metabolism Revisited, Mode of Action, and Resistance

Praziquantel for Schistosomiasis: Single-Drug Metabolism Revisited, Mode of Action, and Resistance

Towards interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in sub-Saharan Africa: developing an appropriate environmental surveillance framework to guide and to support ‘end game’ interventions

Advances in the Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis

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