Field‐Test Results of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage at St. Paul, Minnesota

Hoyer, M.C.; Hallgren, J.; Eisenreich, Steven J.; Sterling, Raymond

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9402(1994)120:2(67)

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Most of the published research on chemical impacts focuses on changes in mineral solubility, reaction kinetics, and organic matter oxidation (Holm et al 1987, Brons et al 1991, Griffioen and Appelo 1993, Hoyer et al 1994, Arning et al 2006). The results of these studies suggest that these processes will play a significant role at temperatures > 30°C.…”

Section: Chemical Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underground Thermal Energy Storage: Environmental Risks and Policy Developments in the Netherlands and European Union

Bonte¹,

Stuyfzand²,

Hulsmann³

et al. 2011

E&S

125

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ABSTRACT. We present an overview of the risks that underground thermal energy storage (UTES) can impose on the groundwater system, drinking water production, and the subsurface environment in general. We describe existing policy and licensing arrangements for UTES in the Netherlands, as well as the capability of the current and future Dutch policy and legal framework to minimize or mitigate risks from UTES on groundwater resources. A survey at the European Union member state level indicates that regulation and research on the potential impacts of UTES on groundwater resources and the subsurface environment often lag behind the technological development of and ever-growing demand for this renewable energy source. The lack of a clear and scientifically underpinned risk management strategy implies that potentially unwanted risks might be taken at vulnerable locations such as near well fields used for drinking water production, whereas at other sites, the application of UTES is avoided without proper reasons. This means that the sustainability of UTES as a form of renewable energy is currently not fully understood, and the technology may be compromising the natural resilience of the subsurface environment. We recognize three main issues that should be addressed to secure sustainable application of UTES: Scientific research is required to further elucidate the impacts of UTES on groundwater; cross-sectoral subsurface planning is required to minimize negative conflicts between UTES and other subsurface interests; and EU-wide guidelines and standards are required for quality assurance and control when installing UTES systems.

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Section: Chemical Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underground Thermal Energy Storage: Environmental Risks and Policy Developments in the Netherlands and European Union

Bonte¹,

Stuyfzand²,

Hulsmann³

et al. 2011

E&S

125

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Temperature is known to exert an important control on both the extent and rate of reactions of minerals in the aquifer. Generally, elevated temperatures increase reaction rates, whereas mineral solubility can either increase or decrease, depending on the thermodynamic properties of the mineral. − For example, increasing the temperature leads to higher solubility of silicates, but lower solubility of carbonates. The exponential dependence of reaction rates on temperature implies that the effects of the temperature becomes more pronounced at higher temperature differences. , Dissolution/precipitation processes in the aquifer may affect the permeability of the aquifer by changing the pore space geometry and pore connectivity. − Furthermore, dissolution of the cementing material in the aquifer may reduce the mechanical strength of the aquifer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aquifer thermal energy storage systems in shallow aquifers injecting water with a temperature of up to approximately 20 °C and small temperature differences (Δ T < 15 °C) are operating successfully in many countries. ,, Experiences with higher operational temperatures (up to 150 °C) are less frequently reported. ,,, Laboratory − and field , tests show that the release of silicium increases sharply at elevated temperatures due to the dissolution of quartz and feldspars, whereas precipitation of several secondary minerals, including kaolinite, boehmite, gibbsite, montmorillonite has been observed. Field tests of heat storage in confined shallow sandstone aquifers at temperatures up to 150 °C , revealed, however, calcium carbonate precipitation as the critical water chemistry problem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Core Flooding Experiments and Reactive Transport Modeling of Seasonal Heat Storage in the Hot Deep Gassum Sandstone Formation

Holmslykke¹,

Kjøller²,

Fabricius

2017

ACS Earth Space Chem.

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Seasonal storage of excess heat in hot deep aquifers is considered to optimize the usage of commonly available energy sources. The chemical effects of heating the Gassum Sandstone Formation to up to 150 °C is investigated by combining laboratory core flooding experiments with petrographic analysis and geochemical modeling. Synthetic formation water is injected into two sets of Gassum Formation samples at 25, 50 (reservoir temperature), 100, and 150 °C with a velocity of 0.05 and 0.1 PV/h, respectively. Results show a significant increase in the aqueous concentration of silicium and iron with increasing temperature due to dissolution of silica and siderite. Increasing the reservoir temperature from 50 to 100 °C enhanced the naturally occurring weathering of Na-rich feldspar to kaolinite. Dissolution of quartz increased sharply above 100 °C and was the dominating process at 150 °C, resulting in a significant increase in the aqueous silicium concentration. At temperatures ≤100 °C, the silicium concentration was controlled by a quasi-stationary state between feldspar dissolution and kaolinite precipitation whereas the concentration was kinetically controlled by quartz dissolution at 150 °C. Furthermore, a strong coupling between dissolution, precipitation, and flow velocity was observed. The results of this study show that the effects of heat storage of up to 150 °C in the Gassum Formation in the Stenlille area is expected to have only minor effects on the properties of the reservoir and that storage of excess heat in the Gassum Formation in the Stenlille area may be possible provided operational precautions are taken.

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“…Most of the research published internationally on chemical impacts focused on the change in mineral solubility, reaction kinetics, and organic matter oxidation (Holm et al 1987;Appelo et al 1990;Brons et al 1991;Griffioen & Appelo, 1993;Hoyer et al 1994;Arning et al 2006b). One of the most relevant studies for drinking water production is by Brons et al (1991) who looked at mobilization of organic carbon and release of CO 2 from sediments under increased temperature.…”

Section: Chemical Impacts In Clean Groundwater Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Shallow Geothermal Energy on Groundwater Quality

Bonte¹

2014

wio

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Field‐Test Results of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage at St. Paul, Minnesota

Cited by 17 publications

References 9 publications

Underground Thermal Energy Storage: Environmental Risks and Policy Developments in the Netherlands and European Union

Underground Thermal Energy Storage: Environmental Risks and Policy Developments in the Netherlands and European Union

Core Flooding Experiments and Reactive Transport Modeling of Seasonal Heat Storage in the Hot Deep Gassum Sandstone Formation

Impacts of Shallow Geothermal Energy on Groundwater Quality

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