“…Researchers have demonstrated that paper based direct ELISA can detect antibody (rabbit IgG), HIV-1 antigens, bacteria and viruses [16,18,20,32,44]. Scientists have reported detecting M13 viruses using paper based direct ELISA method, which requires a sophisticated setup including a Bio-Dot filtration apparatus, an ELISA microtitre plate, and a vacuum pump [20]. However, the direct ELISA technique has a lower sensitivity [32].…”