Final Observations on Congenital Defects in Infants Following Infectious Diseases During Pregnancy, With Special Reference to Rubella

Swan, Charles; Tostevin, Anna; Black, G. H. B.

doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1946.tb34739.x

Cited by 97 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Research from the 1940s to 1960s revealed that rubella (also called “German measles”) contracted during the first trimester of pregnancy was directly associated with severe congenital birth defects, miscarriage, and stillbirth 8 , 9 . Rubella virus (RuV), currently the sole recognized member of the riboviriad family Matonaviridae (genus Rubivirus ), is the etiologic agent of rubella 10 , 11 and causes fetal pathology after transplacental transmission 12 . Extensive rubella epidemics have occurred worldwide due to the high airborne transmissibility of RuV ( R 0 = 3.5–7.8) 13 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Relatives of rubella virus in diverse mammals

Bennett

Paskey

Ebinger

et al. 2020

Nature

137

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We describe the first known relatives of rubella virus ( Matonaviridae : Rubivirus ) 1 in Africa and Europe. Ruhugu virus, the closest relative of rubella virus, was found in apparently healthy cyclops leaf-nosed bats ( Hipposideros cyclops ) in Uganda. Rustrela virus, outgroup to the rubella/ruhugu clade of viruses, was found in acutely encephalitic placental and marsupial animals at a zoo in Germany and in wild yellow-necked field mice ( Apodemus flavicollis ) at and near the zoo. Ruhugu and rustrela viruses share an identical genomic architecture with rubella virus 2 , 3 . Amino acid sequences of rubella, ruhugu, and rustrela viruses are moderately to highly conserved within 4 putative B-cell epitopes in the fusion (EI) protein and, in the case of rubella and ruhugu viruses, within two putative T-cell epitopes in the capsid protein 4 – 6 . Modeling of E1 homotrimers in the post-fusion state predicts similar host-cell membrane fusion capacity for ruhugu and rubella viruses 5 . Together, these findings suggest show that some members of the Matonaviridae can cross wide host species barriers and that rubella virus likely had a zoonotic origin. Our findings raise concerns about future zoonotic transmission of rubella-like viruses but open doors for heretofore impossible comparative studies and novel animal models of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome.

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confidence: 99%

Relatives of rubella virus in diverse mammals

Bennett

Paskey

Ebinger

et al. 2020

Nature

137

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“…2.-Associated lesions and timing of maternal infection in 28 cases of rubella retinopathy. This figure is based on present cases and thefollowing (Babel and Dieterle, 1960;Beswick, Warner, and Warkany, 1949;Blankstein and Feiman, 1952;Cordes, 1945;Dekaban et al, 1958;Emerson, 1958;Franceschetti and Bourquin, 1946;Francois and Verriest, 1956;Gregersen, 1958;Hopkins, 1949;Ellett, 1945;Long and Danielson, 1945;Swan, Tostevin, Moore, Mayo, and Black, 1943;Swan, Tostevin, and Black, 1946).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rubella Retinopathy: An Account of Six Cases

Stark¹

1966

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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“…Gregg's findings and described the association between rubella and hearing impairment, cataracts, congenital heart disease, low birth weight, failure to thrive, microcephaly, and developmental delay [4].…”

Section: And Colleagues Expandedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome: A review of our experience in Vietnam

Toizumi

Dang

et al. 2019

Vaccine

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Rubella vaccination programs have dramatically reduced the incidence of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in developed countries. However, CRS prevalence is still rising in developing countries where rubella-containing vaccines (RCV) are not included in the immunization program and even in some countries where a part of the population lacks immunity to rubella despite the presence of RCV in the regular immunization program. This review aimed to summarize the clinical features of CRS using data from our studies conducted between 2011 and 2015 in Vietnam, wherein we examined clinical manifestations in Vietnamese children with CRS who were born after the large rubella outbreak of 2011; a series of studies dealing with CRS in North America and Europe after the 1960s epidemic; and those from countries before introduction of RCVs. This review shows that children with CRS have a variety of disabilities such as hearing, visual, developmental, behavioral, cardiac, and endocrine impairments, which have variable severity and may appear in different combinations. Some of these impairments can appear or worsen later in the lives of these children. Physicians should thus complete pediatric, cardiac, auditory, ophthalmologic, and neurologic examinations along with laboratory diagnostic testing soon after birth. These assessments should be repeated during follow-up if congenital rubella infection is suspected in a neonate. Timely intervention for cardiac defects can be lifesaving. Early introduction and continuation of speech, occupational, physical, and behavior therapies and training with appropriate medical interventions by a multidisciplinary team approach are required to maximize quality of life. Highlights: • The incidence of CRS is still rising in developing countries • Children with CRS present with a variety of disabilities • A timely multidisciplinary approach improves the quality of life in children with CRS. • A timely multidisciplinary approach can be lifesaving in some children with CRS.

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Final Observations on Congenital Defects in Infants Following Infectious Diseases During Pregnancy, With Special Reference to Rubella

Cited by 97 publications

References 16 publications

Relatives of rubella virus in diverse mammals

Relatives of rubella virus in diverse mammals

Rubella Retinopathy: An Account of Six Cases

Clinical manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome: A review of our experience in Vietnam

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