“…However, there are some challenges in using these methods to measure financial contagion. For instance, some methods such as the vector autoregression approach and GARCH model are based on linear assumptions and ignore the non-linear dependence that is usually observed between financial markets ( Wang, Yuan, Li et al, 2021 ). Although some other methods such as the quantile regression approach and DCCA method could capture some non-linear dependence, they are not designed to model the entire dynamic tail dependence that is more appropriate for financial contagion ( Wang, Yuan, Wang, 2021 , Ye et al, 2017 ).…”