“…The literature on teacher immediacy does not demonstrate a clear understanding of how the classroom environment influences students' perceptions of the instructor due to class settings (i.e., lecture/laboratory or self-contained). The examination of course formats has received minimal attention in the extant literature (e.g., Gray, Buerkel-Rothfuss, & Yerby, 1986;Todd, Tilson, Cox, & Malinauskas, 2000;Wildermuth, French, & Fredrick, 2013). Todd and colleagues investigation examined undergraduate students' perceptions of teacher immediacy in lecture/lab and self-contained sections of the introductory course.…”