Fine Structure of Capitular Filaments in the Coenocytic Green Alga Penicillus1,2,3

Turner, James; Friedmann, E. Imre

doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1974.00125.x

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Directional, cytochalasin-sensitive movement of the crystals along the strands of cytoplasm indicates a connection between crystals and cytoskeleton. Such an association was not reported in the other green algae that have calcium oxalate crystals (Turner and Friedmann 1974;Bö hm et al 1978). However, the marine red algae Antithamnion kylinii and Antithamnion Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…However, the reports that do exist represent a broad sample of the algae, including the siphonous xanthophyte Vaucheria (Klein 1877), two genera of red algae (Klein 1877;Pueschel 1995), a dinoflagellate (Taylor 1968), a variety of siphonous marine green algae (Friedmann et al 1972;Turner and Friedmann 1974;Bö hm et al 1978), and several species of Spirogyra (Klein 1877; Fischer 1884). Of these sundry inclusions in algae, the purported calcium oxalate crystals in Spirogyra are unique in being cruciate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Calcium Oxalate Crystals in the Green AlgaSpirogyra hatillensis(Zygnematales, Chlorophyta)

Pueschel

2001

International Journal of Plant Sciences

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Journal of Plant Sciences.Vegetative cells of the freshwater green alga Spirogyra hatillensis Transeau contain numerous cruciate inclusions that are up to 34 mm long. A crystalline nature was shown by birefringence in polarized light. Rather than occurring free in the large central vacuole, these inclusions were associated with cytoplasmic strands that suspended the nucleus in a cytoplasmic embayment of the central vacuole and with the parietal cytoplasm, which contains the spiral chloroplasts. Some crystals moved directionally along the cytoplasmic strands, and their movement was arrested by cytochalasin B, indicating that actin microfilaments had a role in crystal movement. Solubility tests showed that the inclusions were composed of calcium oxalate; they were not soluble in concentrated acetic acid or sodium hypochlorite, but they dissolved rapidly without effervescence in weak hydrochloric acid. The Yasue cytochemical test for calcium oxalate stained the crystals intensely. The crystals were associated with a water-soluble organic matrix that retained the shape of the crystal after demineralization. Scanning electron microscopy showed crystals to have arms with tapered tips and rhombohedral cross sections or with truncated ends and rectangular sections. Crystal growth in the Z-axis occurred at the intersection of the axes as well as at other sites along the arms. Transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of bounding membranes around the mineral inclusions. A colorimetric enzymatic test for oxalate was used to quantify this compound in S. hatillensis, and it was also used in conjunction with microscopic examination. Neutral red was found to accumulate in numerous small vacuoles, up to 2 mm in diameter, that were present in the parietal cytoplasm and in the cytoplasmic strands supporting the nucleus. In filaments undergoing conjugation as part of sexual reproduction, unfused cells contained crystals, but zygotes did not.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium Oxalate Crystals in the Green AlgaSpirogyra hatillensis(Zygnematales, Chlorophyta)

Pueschel

2001

International Journal of Plant Sciences

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“…4), unlike the algal cell where the outer membrane was smooth and tightly outlined the chloroplast (Figs. 1 and 2; see also Turner & Friedmann 1974).…”

Section: Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 92%

“…2). In this algal species, starch was deposited in amyloplasts outside the plastid (Turner & Friedmann 1974). The symbiotic chloroplasts in E. clarki were present inside a large cell that surrounded the blind end of the tubules of the digestive diverticulum ( Fig.…”

Section: Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

The symbiotic chloroplasts in the sacoglossanElysia clarkiare from several algal species

Curtis

Massey

Pierce

2006

Invertebrate Biology

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Abstract. The sacoglossan sea slug Elysia clarki feeds on siphonaceous algae, and intracellularly sequesters chloroplasts, which actively photosynthesize for p4 months. We have determined the algal source of chloroplasts in adults of E. clarki from the Florida Keys, using molecular techniques, feeding experiments, and electron microscopy. Our results clearly demonstrate that specimens of E. clarki sequester chloroplasts from four different species of algae, representing two genera: Penicillus lamourouxii, P. capitatus, Halimeda incrassata, and H. monile. In addition, chloroplasts from more than one species of algae are sequestered simultaneously in the same digestive cell.

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“…With the introduction of electron microscopy to study the macroalgal ultrastructure in the 1970s, an intriguing new form of seaweed-bacterial interactions was discovered. In addition to epiphytic bacteria, various siphonous seaweeds such as Bryopsis, Caulerpa, Chlorodesmis, Halimeda, Penicillus, and Udotea were also shown to harbor intracellular bacteria within their cytoplasm and/or vacuolar systems (Burr & West, 1970;Burr & Evert, 1972;Turner & Friedmann, 1974;Colombo, 1978;Dawes & Lohr, 1978;Menzel, 1987). Simultaneously with these early microscopic observations, the first cultivation studies aiming to examine the total diversity of bacteria associated with macroalgae arose.…”

Section: First Cultivation and Microscopy Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

What we can learn from sushi: a review on seaweed-bacterial associations

Hollants¹,

Leliaert

Clerck

et al. 2012

FEMS Microbiol Ecol

209

188

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Many eukaryotes are closely associated with bacteria which enable them to expand their physiological capacities. Associations between algae (photosynthetic eukaryotes) and bacteria have been described for over a hundred years. A wide range of beneficial and detrimental interactions exists between macroalgae (seaweeds) and epi‐ and endosymbiotic bacteria that reside either on the surface or within the algal cells. While it has been shown that these chemically mediated interactions are based on the exchange of nutrients, minerals, and secondary metabolites, the diversity and specificity of macroalgal–bacterial relationships have not been thoroughly investigated. Some of these alliances have been found to be algal or bacterial species‐specific, whereas others are widespread among different symbiotic partners. Reviewing 161 macroalgal–bacterial studies from the last 55 years, a definite bacterial core community, consisting of Gammaproteobacteria, CFB group, Alphaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria species, seems to exist which is specifically (functionally) adapted to an algal host–associated lifestyle. Because seaweed–bacterial associations are appealing from evolutionary and applied perspectives, future studies should integrate the aspects of diverse biological fields.

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Fine Structure of Capitular Filaments in the Coenocytic Green Alga Penicillus1,2,3

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

Calcium Oxalate Crystals in the Green AlgaSpirogyra hatillensis(Zygnematales, Chlorophyta)

Calcium Oxalate Crystals in the Green AlgaSpirogyra hatillensis(Zygnematales, Chlorophyta)

The symbiotic chloroplasts in the sacoglossanElysia clarkiare from several algal species

What we can learn from sushi: a review on seaweed-bacterial associations

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