Fine structure of neutron multiplicity on neutron monitors

Balabin, Yu. V.; Gvozdevsk, B. B.; Маурчев, Е. А.; Vashenyuk, É. V.; Dzhappuev, D. D.

doi:10.5194/astra-7-283-2011

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 2 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…A histogram of the time delay between consecutive events can be used to analyse the multiplicity of CR events ( [1,2]). The new electronic head records the exact time of each event, making it possible to calculate such a histogram.…”

Section: Time Delay Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The new electronic head records the exact time of each event, making it possible to calculate such a histogram. [1,2] shows that the time delay distribution (TDD) has a Poisson component and an excess below 1 ms which can be fitted by using the sum of two exponential functions ( Figure 6) . They propose that the two time constants are determined by the lifetime of evaporating neutrons (t=370µs) and the average neutron detection time.…”

Section: Time Delay Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higher energy CRs on average result in more neutrons generated in the NM (called multiplicity). Modern electronics, however, now makes it possible to make use of this information, by measuring the time delay between consecutive events ( [1,2]). Using a single neutron monitor, the energy spectrum of a GLE ( [4]) and the spectrum hardening during a Forbush decrease ( [8]) has been measured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

New, affordable, open-hardware neutron monitor electronics

Krüger¹,

Krueger²,

Krueger³

et al. 2017

Proceedings of 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2017)

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Section: Time Delay Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Time Delay Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

New, affordable, open-hardware neutron monitor electronics

Krüger¹,

Krueger²,

Krueger³

et al. 2017

Proceedings of 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2017)

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“…Accordingly, WTD peak I can be reliably associated with the neutron diffusion and thermalization within atmospheric cascades, and the time of about one millisecond is a typical time scale for such a process. These pulses generally contribute to the well‐known multiplicity of NM counts (Debrunner & Walther, 1968; Balabin et al., 2011; Mangeard et al., 2016; Ruffolo et al., 2016), viz. multiple correlated pulses within the NM count rate.…”

Section: Waiting‐time Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Altitude Polar NM With the New DAQ System as a Tool to Study Details of the Cosmic‐Ray Induced Nucleonic Cascade

et al. 2021

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NMs record primarily the secondary nucleonic component (mostly neutrons) of the cosmic-ray induced atmospheric cascade with a small fraction of counts caused by muons. Its count rate is defined by the flux of primary (impinging on the top of the atmosphere) cosmic rays, as a combination of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum, detector's yield function and geomagnetic rigidity cutoff (Clem & Dorman, 2000;Mishev et al., 2020). The NM is an energy-integrating detector, with the effective energy ranging from about 12 GeV for polar NMs to 35 GeV for equatorial ones (Asvestari et al., 2017). The sensitivity of NMs to low-energy cosmic rays is highest in polar regions (low or no geomagnetic shielding) and high altitudes (lower atmospheric shielding) and decreases toward equatorial latitudes. The worldwide network of NMs can act as a giant spectrometer able to roughly estimate the spectrum of both galactic cosmic rays (e.g., Dorman, 2004) and relativistic solar protons (e.g., Duggal, 1979;Mishev et al., 2014). Along with the count rate, the multiplicity of NM counts (the average number of pulses within a short time interval) is sometimes studied (Balabin et al., 2011;Dorman, 2004) as a rough index of the spectral hardness of cosmic rays. Sometimes NM are accompanied by separate muon detectors to measure high-energy cosmic rays. This work is focused at two mini-NMs, DOMC and DOMB, located at the Concordia Antarctic Research station on top of Dome C, Central Antarctic plateau (75°06′S, 123°23′E, 3,233 m above sea level) (Poluianov et al., 2015). They are ones of the most sensitive NMs to lower energy cosmic rays (including solar energetic particles) thanks to the highly elevated polar location. Each NM has one BF 3 -filled detector surrounded by reflecting and moderating layers of polyethylene. In addition, DOMC has a layer of lead serving as a neutron Abstract A neutron monitor (NM) is, since the 1950s, a standard ground-based detector whose count rate reflects cosmic-ray variability. The worldwide network of NMs forms a rough spectrometer for cosmic rays. Recently, a brand-new data-acquisition (DAQ) system has been installed on the DOMC and DOMB NMs, located at the Concordia research station on the Central Antarctic plateau. The new DAQ system digitizes, at a 2-MHz sampling rate, and records all individual pulses corresponding to secondary particles in the detector. An analysis of the pulse characteristics (viz. shape, magnitude, duration, waiting time) has been performed, and several clearly distinguishable branches were identified: (A) corresponding to signal from individual secondary neutrons; (B) representing the detector's noise; (C) double pulses corresponding to the shortly separated nucleons of the same atmospheric cascades; (D) very-high multiple pulses which are likely caused by atmospheric muons; and (E) double pulses potentially caused by contamination of the neighboring detector. An analysis of the waiting-time distributions has revealed two clearly distinguishable peaks: peak (I) at about 1 ms being related to t...

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“…NMs are energy-integrating detectors, but the worldwide network built of them is used as a global spectrometer, thanks to different geomagnetic cut-off properties of NM locations [2]. Along with the count rate, the multiplicity of NM counts, which can be a rough index of spectral hardness of cosmic rays, is studied [e.g., 3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulse height-length analysis of data from neutron monitors DOMC/DOMB with a new data acquisition system

Similä¹,

Poluianov²,

Usoskin³

et al. 2021

Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021)

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Two high-altitude polar neutron monitors DOMC and DOMB (Dome C, Concordia station, Antarctic plateau, 3233 m a.s.l.) received a major electronics upgrade in 2019. While a typical standard neutron monitor data acquisition (DAQ) system only registers the number of pulses from a cosmicray particle detector, the new system digitizes all pulses with 2 MHz sampling rate and stores this information in raw data files. This feature makes it possible to conduct a pulse height-length analysis of the neutron monitor data on a routine basis. In this study, we have analysed several months of the cosmic-ray data recorded with the new DAQ system during 2019-2020 (more than 10 million pulses). We identified several pulse branches corresponding to different processes: (a) secondary particles from individual cosmic-ray cascades, (b) noise, (c) double pulses originated from particles of the same local cascade, (d) high multiple pulses likely related to atmospheric muons, (e) double pulses potentially caused by contamination by neutrons scattered in the neighbouring instrument. We also studied the waiting time distributions of pulses and have shown that two peaks can be clearly distinguished: (1) at about 1 millisecond, which is related to the intracascade particles, and (2) at 30-1000 milliseconds related to different uncorrelated cosmic-ray cascades. Our conclusions are supported by theoretical estimates of the waiting times in different scenarios.

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Fine structure of neutron multiplicity on neutron monitors

Cited by 13 publications

References 2 publications

New, affordable, open-hardware neutron monitor electronics

New, affordable, open-hardware neutron monitor electronics

High‐Altitude Polar NM With the New DAQ System as a Tool to Study Details of the Cosmic‐Ray Induced Nucleonic Cascade

Pulse height-length analysis of data from neutron monitors DOMC/DOMB with a new data acquisition system

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