Finite-difference time-domain simulation of laser beam absorption in fully penetrated keyholes

Abstract

Accurate predictions of laser beam absorptance and how laser beam energy is distributed on a keyhole surface are arguably the most important but challenging tasks in the study of laser keyhole welding. In this article, laser interaction with fully penetrated keyholes has been studied by solving the Maxwell equations for electrodynamics using the finite-difference time-domain method with the Drude model for metals. Based on the experimental observations of Fabbro et al. [J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 38, 1881–1887 (2005)], the keyhole is simplified as a tilted cylinder, and we have extensively investigated laser absorption phenomena considering three materials (Fe, Sn, and Al), three beam polarizations (two linear and circular), two laser beam wavelengths (1.06 μm and 10.6 μm), and six keyhole tilting angles (0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, and 45°). To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first electrodynamic simulation of a laser manufacturing process and reveals some interesting findings concerning laser beam absorption characteristics that can be only obtained by full electrodynamic simulations.

A study of keyhole geometry in laser welding of zinc-coated and uncoated steels using a coaxial observation method

“…The importance of the keyhole tilting angle has been discussed theoretically by Fabbro and Chouf (2000) and computationally by Deng and Ki (2013). In this study, the beam interaction area k is defined as the portion of the laser beam area that is incident on the keyhole wall when viewed from top.…”