Finite Element Modeling of a Piezoelectric Composite Beam and Comparative Performance Study of Piezoelectric Materials for Voltage Generation

Abstract

A comparative study of the traditional PZT ceramics and new single crystals is critical in selecting the best material and optimization of transducer design for applications such as conversion of ambient vibrations into useful electrical energy. However, due to material and fabrication costs and the need for rapid prototyping while optimizing transducer design, primary comparisons can be based on simulation. In this paper, the COMSOL Multiphysics finite element package was used to study the direct piezoelectric effect when an external load is applied at the free end of a piezoelectric composite beam. The primary output parameters such as electric potential and electric field were studied as a function of the input strain and stress. The modeling is presented for the relatively new single crystal lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN32) and three different lead zirconate titanate ceramics (PZT-5A, PZT-5H, and PZT-4). Material performance was assessed by using a common geometry and identical excitation conditions for the different piezoelectric materials. For each material, there are three analyses performed, namely, static, eigenfrequency, and transient/time-dependent analysis. Comparative results clearly suggest that the new crystal material PMN32 is capable of outperforming presently useing piezoelectric ceramics for voltage generation.

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“…In the same equation, {F s }, {u}, and {p} are the applied load vector, the nodal displacement, and the acoustic pressure, respectively. The piezoelectric material properties [38] for the PZT-5A are defined as:…”

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“…We performed finite element analysis to simulate the piezoelectric potential ( V o ) developed in the NKN film under tensile stress using COMSOL software, and we calculated V o using the following equation: V o = ( d 31 /ε)·( E·s ) d l , where l is the distance between the adjacent electrodes, σ( l ) is the tensile stress, E is the elastic modulus, and s is the strain developed in the NKN film . To calculate V o , we used the measured ε r , the E of 104 GPa for bulk NKN, and the d 31 that was calculated from the measured d 33 .…”