“…Other research on FIPC indicates that it may yield biased model parameters under certain conditions. Bias depends on the sample size (Hanson & Béguin, 2002; Kang & Petersen, 2012), the number of items with parameters available from previous calibrations (e.g., Arai & Mayekawa, 2011; Kim, Cole, & Mwavita, 2018), the amount of cross‐national DIF (Sachse, Roppelt, & Haag, 2016), and shifts in the latent ability distributions across assessments (e.g., Baldwin, Baldwin, & Nering, 2007; Keller, Keller, & Baldwin, 2007). Keller and Keller (2011, 2015), however, showed that FIPC works best for complex changes in the latent ability distributions and in cases where the content of the assessment changes.…”