Fire behaviour of cross-laminated solid timber panels

Frangi, Andréa; Fontana, Mario; Knobloch, Markus; Bochicchio, Giovanna

doi:10.3801/iafss.fss.9-1279

Cited by 59 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The significance of the char layer has been investigated in many tests with cross-laminated timber where char ablation (e.g. for fall-off of charred layers Cross-Laminated Timber) lead to a significantly increased charring rate (Frangi et al, 2008).…”

Section: Simulation Of Char Oxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timber under real fire conditions – the influence of oxygen content and gas velocity on the charring behavior

Schmid

Santomaso²,

Brandon

et al. 2017

JSFE

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(2017) "Timber under real fire conditions -the influence of oxygen content and gas velocity on the charring behavior", Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1108/JSFE-01-2017-0013 Permanent link to this document: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSFE-01-2017-0013 For AuthorsIf you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comEmerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation.*Related content and download information correct at time of download. Andrea FrangiInstitute of Structural Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland AbstractPurpose -The purpose of this study is to investigate the influencing factors on the charring behaviour of timber, the char layer and the charring depth in non-standard fires.Design/methodology/approach -This paper summarizes outcomes of tests, investigating the influences on the charring behavior of timber by varying the oxygen content and the gas velocity in the compartment. Results show that charring is depending on the fire compartment temperature, but results show further that at higher oxygen flow, char contraction was observed affecting the protective function of the char layer.Findings -In particular, in the cooling phase, char contraction should be considered which may have a significant impact on performance-based design using non-standard temperature fire curves where the complete fire history including the cooling phase has to be taken into account.Originality/value -Up to now, some research on non-standard fire exposed timber member has been performed, mainly based on standard fire resistance tests where boundary conditions as gas flow and oxygen content especially in the decay phase are not measured or documented. The approach presented in this paper is the first documented fire tests with timber documenting the data required.

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Section: Simulation Of Char Oxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timber under real fire conditions – the influence of oxygen content and gas velocity on the charring behavior

Schmid

Santomaso²,

Brandon

et al. 2017

JSFE

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“…Panel yang disusun secara vertikal untuk stuktural, seperti dinding, lebih tahan api daripada yang dipasang horisontal, seperti lantai. Karakteristik penyebaran api pada bangunan CLT juga ditentukan oleh karakteristik dari masing-masing lapisan yang membentuk panel, apabila lapisan arang dari lamina yang terbakar lepas maka akan terjadi kenaikan kecepatan perambatan api pada lapisan yang belum terbakar dan hal ini juga terjadi pada material yang sudah diberi lapisan anti api, apabila lapisan anti api terlepas maka api akan lebih cepat merambat (Frangi, Fontana, Knobloch, & Bochicchio, 2008). Mekanisme anti api pada CLT berupa lapisan arang yang terbentuk dari bagian yang terbakar yang akan melindungi lapisan kayu di bawahnya yang belum terbakar, sehingga menjaga struktur bangunan tetap kuat dan tidak mengalami kerusakan (deformasi) sehingga mencegah bangunan untuk tidak runtuh dan memberi cukup waktu untuk evakuasi (Friquin, Grimsbu, & Hovde, 2010;Wong & Tee, 2014).…”

Section: Keunggulan Karakteristik Cltunclassified

CLT (Cross Laminated Timber): Produksi, Karakteristik dan Perkembangannya (CLT (Cross Laminated Timber): Production, Characteristics and Development)

Lestari¹

2017

J. Ris. Ind. Has. Hutan

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ABSTRAKCross Laminated Timber (CLT) merupakan sebuah produk kayu berupa papan laminasi yang disusun saling silang satu sama lain dan dapat digunakan untuk berbagai kebutuhan seperti lantai, atap dan dinding. Produk ini sebagai bentuk inovasi dalam mengatasi terbatasnya bahan baku kayu utuh berdiameter besar dan berkualitas sebagai bahan bangunan. Tulisan ini membahas terkait sejarah CLT, proses produksi, karakteristik, dan perkembangannya. CLT pertama kali dikembangkan di Eropa khususnya di Austria dan Jerman kemudian berkembang ke seluruh dunia. CLT mempunyai keunggulan sifat dapat dipakai kembali, mudah didesain dan dibentuk, isolator yang baik, energi efisien, tahan api, tahan gempa, serta sebagai penyimpan karbon sehingga membantu mengurangi dampak emisi rumah kaca secara global. CLT juga mempunyai kekuatan yang dapat dibandingkan dengan baja dan beton, sehingga CLT dapat diterapkan untuk konstruksi bangunan bertingkat tinggi. CLT juga mempunyai keunggulan untuk dilakukan prafabrikasi sebelum pemasangan di area konstruksi sehingga mampu menghemat waktu dan tenaga kerja, meminimalkan sampah konstruksi serta gangguan selama pembangunan. CLT saat ini mulai dikembangkan di luar Eropa seperti di Amerika Utara, Selandia Baru dan Jepang. Kendala adopsi CLT secara umum adalah kurangnya informasi terkait produk yang sampai ke masyarakat, sehingga sosialisasi produk merupakan kunci utama peningkatan kesadaran konsumen terhadap CLT.Kata Kunci : arsitektur, bahan bangunan, cross laminated timber, kayu rekayasa ABSTRACT Cross laminated timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product as a laminated board that was arranged in cross order and applied as floor, roof, and wall. This product is an innovation in overcoming the scarce of wood material especially in large diameter and high quality as a building material. The review discusses the history of CLT, the characteristics, and its developments. CLT was first developed in Europe especially in

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“…Three-ply systems also place 66% of the timber in a 'strong' orientation, whereas as the number of plies increases the strong timber tends towards 50% of the cross-section. Frangi et al [15] have also suggested that using thicker external lamellae, and a 3-ply rather than 5-ply build up, can reduce the risk of delamination in fire and thereby reduce the effective charring rate for CLT products that are susceptible to delamination. These factors could result in designers concluding that 3-ply systems are preferred to 5-ply systems.…”

Section: Importance Of Clt Lay-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is noteworthy that delamination may also contribute additional fuel to a fire compartment, thus altering the resultant fire dynamics and further influencing the structural fire response (and fire resistance). While delamination has previously been reported as an important issue to consider for CLT floor slabs in fire [15,16], it has been suggested that it is less likely in furnace tests of vertically oriented elements, presumably due to reduced separation forces from gravity [17,18]. Delamination should not be confused with debonding, which describes loss of composite mechanical action between lamellae, with both plies still theoretically capable of performing a significant load bearing function [19].…”

Section: Fire-induced Delaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The progression of the charring front can be approximated from the measured thermocouple data by tracking the depth of the 300 o C isotherm in the timber; this is generally assumed to be the temperature at which pyrolysis of timber is complete [6,15,34]. The charring rate can then be calculated as the derivative of the char depth with time.…”

Section: Charring Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural response of cross-laminated timber compression elements exposed to fire

Wiesner

Randmael

Wan

et al. 2017

Fire Safety Journal

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A set of novel structural fire tests on axially loaded cross-laminated timber (CLT) compression elements (walls), locally exposed to thermal radiation sufficient to cause sustained flaming combustion, are presented and discussed. Test specimens were subjected to a sustained compressive load, equivalent to 10 % or 20 % of their nominal ambient axial compressive capacity. The walls were then locally exposed to a nominal constant incident heat flux of 50 kW/m 2 over their mid height area until failure occurred. The axial and lateral deformations of the walls were measured and compared against predictions calculated using a finite Bernoulli beam element analysis, to shed light on the fundamental mechanics and needs for rational structural design of CLT compression elements in fire. For the walls tested herein, failure at both ambient and elevated temperature was due to global buckling. At high temperature failure results from excessive lateral deflections and second order flexural effects due to reductions the walls' effective crosssection and flexural rigidity, as well as a shift of the effective neutral axis in bending during fire. Measured average one-dimensional charring rates ranged between 0.82 and 1.0 mm/min in these tests. As expected, the lamellae configuration greatly influenced the walls' deformation responses and times to failure; with 3-ply walls failing earlier than those with 5-plies. The walls' deformation response during heating suggests that, if a conventional reduced cross section method (RCSM), zero strength layer analysis were undertaken, the required zero strength layer depths would range between 15.2 mm and 21.8 mm. Deflection paths further suggest that the concept of a zero strength layer is inadequate for properly capturing the mechanical response of fire-exposed CLT compression elements.

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Fire behaviour of cross-laminated solid timber panels

Cited by 59 publications

References 5 publications

Timber under real fire conditions – the influence of oxygen content and gas velocity on the charring behavior

Timber under real fire conditions – the influence of oxygen content and gas velocity on the charring behavior

CLT (Cross Laminated Timber): Produksi, Karakteristik dan Perkembangannya (CLT (Cross Laminated Timber): Production, Characteristics and Development)

Structural response of cross-laminated timber compression elements exposed to fire

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