Fire Hazard and Toxic Potency of the Smoke from Burning Materials

Hirschler, Marcelo M.

doi:10.1177/073490418700500501

Cited by 56 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…1-4. These tests differ in several respects but they have served to show that the toxic potency of smoke from most materials is very similar [5][6][7][8]. In fact, the range of toxic potency for almost all combustible materials is less than an order of magnitude.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation Of A Smoke Toxicity Fire Model For Use On Wood

Hirschler¹,

Smith²

1991

Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the Third International Sy

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Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of burning conditions on combustion of Douglas fir wood in a proposed smoke toxicity test: a plastic 200 L exposure chamber with a radiant furnace. Research included effects of: incident heat flux, sample surface, initial oxygen level and endpoint criteria.Wood board sample mass can vary broadly even at equal surface and thickness, suggesting that surface may not be an ideal surrogate for amount of material.The effect of carbon black on ignitability is erratic.Ignitability of blackened wood samples is higher than that of unblackened samples only if both are identical. Irreproducibility increases at low incident fluxes.Tests carried out with the IT50 concept are hazardous to the operator (oxygen addition can cause explosions) and lead to high irreproducibility (sixfold variations of CO doses in identical tests).Yields of CO depend on exposure protocol and on sample size. At high initial oxygen levels, however, CO/C02 ratios are very low, unless big samples are burnt to completion. This leads to excessive smoke for toxicity purposes.The CO yields and CO/C02 ratios are adequate when using very low oxygen levels (0-5%) and high heat fluxes, conditions which simulate those in ventilation controlled fully developed fires.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation Of A Smoke Toxicity Fire Model For Use On Wood

Hirschler¹,

Smith²

1991

Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the Third International Sy

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“…MLRP: Mass loss rate parameter, in g/m2s2. It is calculated as the product of the average mass loss rate (between the times at which the sample loses 10% and 90% of its total weight loss) and the time to ignition [26,27]. TTI/RHR: Ratio of the time to ignition to the peak heat release rate (in s-m2/kW).…”

Section: Results Presentedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Fire Performance of Various Upholstered Furniture Composite Combinations (Fabric/Foam) in Two Rate of Heat Release Calorimeters: Cone and Ohio State University Instruments

Hirschler

Shakir

1991

Journal of Fire Sciences

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A total of 28 foam/fabric upholstery mock-up combinations (7 foams and 4 fabrics) were tested in a rate of heat release calorimeter (the cone calorimeter) at incident fluxes of 17.5 and 25 kW/m 2 . The results were analysed with three objectives: (a) understanding the relative contributions of fabric and foam; (b) comparing the relevance of the incident flux used to fire hazard; and (c) comparing the results with those of a round robin carried out on another rate of heat release calorimeter: Ohio State University instrument.The fabrics used represented the commercial range, but had no particular additional degree of flame retardance added: a cotton, a nylon, a polyester and a wool-nylon fabric The foams used were all flexible polyurethane foams, but had very different densities and levels and types of additives. All foams contained at least some flame retardant additives.The results suggest conclusions, at least for the systems tested:1. The fabric plays a much greater role than the foam in determining the fire performance of the system. Downloaded from 224 2. Ignition of the system is essential to obtain an adequate reflection of rate of heat release and fire performance. 3. If the incident flux is too low, results can be misleading, because some fabrics will not ignite.4. Trends on heat release are the same for the cone calorimeter and the OSU calorimeter, when the incident flux is high enough for the systems to ignite. 5. These systems do not reflect the highest degree of fire performance attainable ; however, the largest opportunities for improvement in upholstery systems will be found by using fabrics with better fire performance or by using interliners, rather than by addressing the foams alone.

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“…Figure 4의 이 무엇보다 중요하다. 연기로 인한 발연특성은 연료의 조 성과 가열온도, 공급량 등의 연소조건과 관련되어 뜨거운 휘발성 가연성 증기와 가스성분을 방출하게 된다 (18) . 또한 연기 차폐는 비소화 면적(specific extinction area, SEA peak)으로 설명되어진다 (19) .…”

Section: 서 론unclassified

Star Building Materials Study on Wood Structure and Combustion Characteristics

Kim¹,

Park²,

Lee³

2016

Fire Science and Engineering

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This study investigated the structure and combustion characteristics of four species, Timber Douglas-fir being used construction materials (finishes), Lauan, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora trees in the area. In lookong into the ignition characteristics was a time range of ignition (TTI) appeared in the 21 s~32 s, especially Pinus densiflora TTI is ignited in a relatively rapid 601 s to 21 s than the other materials were destroyed in the 631 s. The maximum heat release rate and average heat release rate is Pinus densiflora > Lauan > Cryptomeria japonica > Douglas-fir showed a net. Barrel emissions are Lauan > Douglas-fir > Pinus densiflora > Cryptomeria japonica was in order. The total emissions was postponed Pinus densiflora 424.80 m values show the maximum value to 15,986 kg/kg in 750 s stopped in the 3,090 s. Next, the study suggested methods to utilize as the basic data for evaluating the safety of the fire as a building material.

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Fire Hazard and Toxic Potency of the Smoke from Burning Materials

Cited by 56 publications

References 13 publications

Investigation Of A Smoke Toxicity Fire Model For Use On Wood

Investigation Of A Smoke Toxicity Fire Model For Use On Wood

Comparison of the Fire Performance of Various Upholstered Furniture Composite Combinations (Fabric/Foam) in Two Rate of Heat Release Calorimeters: Cone and Ohio State University Instruments

Star Building Materials Study on Wood Structure and Combustion Characteristics

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