Fireplaces, Furnaces and Vehicles as Emission Sources of Particulate Carbon

Muhlbaier, J. L.; Williams, Ronald L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4154-3_12

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Typically, elemental carbon comprises 60-80% of the total carbon in diesel exhaust. 28,29,30 Full-shift (8-hr. TWA) exposures to NO 2 , and area concentrations of respirable dust and airborne mutagenicity (not activated and S-9 activated) indicated no observable differences among the three types of towmotors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-90-088-2110, Yellow Freight System, Inc., Columbus, Ohio, Maybrook, New York.

1990

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYOn October 26, 1989, NIOSH received a request for technical assistance from Yellow Freight System, Inc., to evaluate the effectiveness of several techniques for controlling exposures of dockworkers to towmotor exhaust-system emissions. In this request, Yellow Freight System, Inc. agreed to provide forklift trucks (towmotors), exhaust after-treatment devices, and appropriate dock facilities for the study.NIOSH investigators conducted the first survey in Columbus, Ohio over a three week period to measure relative exposures to several components of diesel exhaust during the use of three different vehicle types: 1) unfiltered diesel towmotors (used during the first week); 2) propane towmotors (used during the second week of the study); and 3) diesel towmotors fitted with exhaust filter units (used during the third week). During each week of the study, concentrations of air contaminants were measured, using both personal and area sampling devices, including submicrometer elemental carbon, submicrometer organic carbon, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO), benzene solubles, seventeen specific polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, respirable dust, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, sulfuric acid/sulfates, and the mutagenic activity of airborne particulate. Meteorological conditions, ventilation rates, forklift hour meters, and freight tonnage were also monitored as covariates. In addition, a selfadministered symptomology questionnaire was distributed to all dockworkers during the three-week period of the study.NIOSH investigators conducted the second survey in Maybrook, New York during March 13-15, 1990, to determine whether the use of overhead exhaust fans, located in the roof of the dock building, were effective in reducing diesel exhaust exposures in dock workers. Area and personal sampling were conducted over six shifts, during the normal use of diesel-powered towmotors. During three of the six shifts, the overhead fans were secured and, during the remaining three, operated. Meteorological conditions, forklift hour meters, and freight tonnage were again monitored as covariates.Columbus Dock:Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) and a posteriori tests indicated that the geometric mean exposure to submicrometer elemental carbon during use of propane engines (0.9 ug/m 3 ) was significantly lower than during use of filtered-diesel engines (1.9 ug/m 3 ), and this was significantly lower than during use of unfiltered diesel engines (24 ug/m 3 ) (p<0.001 for both comparisons). For comparison, the geometric mean concentration in a light-industrial-zoned area about one mile from the dock was 1.6 ug/m 3 . The geometric mean exposures during use of either filtered-diesel or propane forklifts were not significantly higher than the background mean concentration.Concentrations of the other chemical components measured, and airborne mutagenicity, in two dock areas indicated no significant changes, or were extremely low or below the limit of detection during the three weeks of the study. This phenomenon was undoubtedly partly d...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-90-088-2110, Yellow Freight System, Inc., Columbus, Ohio, Maybrook, New York.

1990

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This is based on source tests, 38 source apportionment studies, 9 -37 ' 39 and radiocarbon dating of ambient filter samples. 40 In Los Angeles, Cass, et al 39 estimated that transportation accounts for 75% of the total EC emissions with highway vehicles comprising the largest (38%) fraction.…”

Section: Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 Both of these allocations are consistent with the emission rates reported by Muhlbaier and Williams. 38 For their complete results, the reader is referred to their paper as only a few typical results will be cited here. At low altitude, average EC emission rates for light-duty vehicles were: five precatalyst automobiles, 3.6 mg/mi, four catalyst-equipped automobiles, 2.5 mg/mi, and four 1978-80 diesel-powered automobiles, 520 mg/mi.…”

Section: Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The significant contribution from wood burning to EC concentrations in Denver was based both on the C dating technique of Currie and Klouda 40 and the measured emission rates presented by Muhlbaier and Williams. 38 In the 14 C dating technique, milligram quantities of carbon are combusted to CO2, purified by low-pressure distillation, and the 14 C is determined by low-level, gasproportional counters. On composite high-volume samples from the Denver study, contemporary carbon comprised 33% of the total carbon.…”

Section: Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results of additional tests showed that native Colorado soft wood emits higher amounts of EC than the Eastern hardwoods. 38 Much less is known about the EC emissions from other combustion sources. Although they appear to be less significant than vehicular and woodburning emissions, 9 ' 37 ' 40 this is an area which requires additional work.…”

Section: Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Particulate Elemental Carbon in the Atmosphere

Wolff

1981

Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Application of a dual fine particle sequential sampler, a tapered element oscillating microbalance, and other air monitoring methods to assess transboundary influences of PM2.5

Mukerjee

Shadwick²,

Bowser³

et al. 1999

Field Analyt. Chem. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Transboundary influences of particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) have been investigated in a U.S.–Mexican border region with the use of a dual fine particle sequential sampler (DFPSS) and a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM®). Daily measurements of PM2.5 were conducted with the DFPSS. Short‐term variations in the concentration of PM2.5 were measured and analyzed on site with the use of a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM®) to assess episodic emissions that may have crossed the border. Fine particle carbon measurements, taken with a dichotomous sampler, and meteorological measurements were also performed. Ambient monitoring with these sampling methods was conducted for 1 year at three fixed sites very close to the border of the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Elemental tracer analyses and wind sector analyses were performed to assess transboundary influences. Ad hoc sampler comparisons were also presented. Presentation of advantages and limitations of sampling methods in this study can help establish a baseline for assessing future air quality conditions of a transboundary nature in the Valley. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 3: 201–217, 1999

show abstract

Fireplaces, Furnaces and Vehicles as Emission Sources of Particulate Carbon

Cited by 24 publications

References 2 publications

Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-90-088-2110, Yellow Freight System, Inc., Columbus, Ohio, Maybrook, New York.

Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-90-088-2110, Yellow Freight System, Inc., Columbus, Ohio, Maybrook, New York.

Particulate Elemental Carbon in the Atmosphere

Application of a dual fine particle sequential sampler, a tapered element oscillating microbalance, and other air monitoring methods to assess transboundary influences of PM2.5

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About