First airborne samples of a volcanic plume for δ<sup>13</sup>C of CO<sub>2</sub> determinations

Fischer, Tobias P.; Lopez, T. M.

doi:10.1002/2016gl068499

Cited by 44 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…These constraints, coupled with those from the CO 2 /S and CO 2 /Nb ratios, point to primary arc magmas containing up to 1 wt% CO 2 (Box 4), an order of magnitude higher than that of average mid-oceanridge basalt (MORB; about 1,000 ppm) 93 . Volcanic-arc data are still sparse, however, and portable mass spectrometers mounted on helicopters 94 and field vehicles 95 are providing new methods for carbon isotope analysis in remote regions. Carbon isotope measurements in springs are also revealing subducting and upper-plate sources, as well as sequestration in the biosphere 96 .…”

Section: Carbon Returned: Volcanic Gasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subducting carbon

Plank

Manning

2019

Nature

358

220

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A hidden carbon cycle exists inside Earth. Every year, megatons of carbon disappear into subduction zones, affecting atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen over Earth's history. Here we discuss the processes that move carbon towards subduction zones and transform it into fluids, magmas, volcanic gases and diamonds. The carbon dioxide emitted from arc volcanoes is largely recycled from subducted microfossils, organic remains and carbonate precipitates. The type of carbon input and the efficiency with which carbon is remobilized in the subduction zone vary greatly around the globe, with every convergent margin providing a natural laboratory for tracing subducting carbon.

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Section: Carbon Returned: Volcanic Gasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subducting carbon

Plank

Manning

2019

Nature

358

220

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“…High latitude volcanoes, such as those of the Aleutian Arc, outgas low fluxes of carbon (Fischer, 2008;Aiuppa et al, 2017;Lopez et al, 2018); these volcanoes are associated with the subduction of seafloor sediments dominated by carbon-poor diatomaceous and terrigenous material (Johnston et al, 2011). The sedimentary composition is reflected in the carbon isotopic composition, which lies within mantle values (Kodosky et al, 1991;Symonds et al, 2003;Fischer and Lopez, 2016). Latitude, a key control on sediment compositions, may therefore modulate the magnitude of carbon outgassing from arc volcanoes.…”

Section: Arc Volcanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Carbon Cycling Over the Past 200 Million Years: A Review of Fluxes in Different Tectonic Settings

et al. 2019

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Carbon is a key control on the surface chemistry and climate of Earth. Significant volumes of carbon are input to the oceans and atmosphere from deep Earth in the form of degassed CO 2 and are returned to large carbon reservoirs in the mantle via subduction or burial. Different tectonic settings (e.g., volcanic arcs, mid-ocean ridges, and continental rifts) emit fluxes of CO 2 that are temporally and spatially variable, and together they represent a first-order control on carbon outgassing from the deep Earth. A change in the relative importance of different tectonic settings throughout Earth's history has therefore played a key role in balancing the deep carbon cycle on geological timescales. Over the past 10 years the Deep Carbon Observatory has made enormous progress in constraining estimates of carbon outgassing flux at different tectonic settings. Using plate boundary evolution modeling and our understanding of present-day carbon fluxes, we develop time series of carbon fluxes into and out of the Earth's interior through the past 200 million years. We highlight the increasing importance of carbonate-intersecting subduction zones over time to carbon outgassing, and the possible dominance of carbon outgassing at continental rift zones, which leads to maxima in outgassing at 130 and 15 Ma. To a first-order, carbon outgassing since 200 Ma may be net positive, averaging ∼50 Mt C yr −1 more than the ingassing flux at subduction zones. Our net outgassing curve is poorly correlated with atmospheric CO 2 , implying that surface carbon cycling processes play a significant role in modulating carbon concentrations and/or there is a long-term crustal or lithospheric storage of carbon which modulates the outgassing flux. Our results highlight the large uncertainties that exist in reconstructing the corresponding in-and outgassing fluxes of carbon. Our synthesis summarizes our current understanding of fluxes at tectonic settings and their influence on atmospheric CO 2 , and provides a framework for future research into Earth's deep carbon cycling, both today and in the past.

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“…millimetre-to centimetre-accuracy point measurements using a total station or real-time kinematic global navigation satellite system (RTK-GNSS) receivers) but provide either sparse coverage or are limited in extent. Airborne surveys using conventional crewed aircraft have provided high-resolution measurements of volcanic gas composition and flux at several remote and explosive volcanoes [Doukas and McGee 2007;Fischer and Lopez 2016;Gerlach et al 1997;Gerlach et al 1998;Ilyinskaya et al 2018;Kelly et al 2013;Shinohara et al 2003;Werner et al 2011;Werner et al 2013;Werner et al 2017]. However, the limited availability of crewed aircraft, and their associated high costs, complex planning and logistics requirements, and restrictions in hazardous areas, mean that regular surveys [e.g.…”

Section: Measurement Requirements In Volcanologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Samples of several hundred millilitres are usually necessary to obtain accurate isotopic ratios, requiring pumped sampling over several tens of seconds. Traditional ground-based methods of direct sampling involve filling glass vials or bottles from fumaroles [Giggenbach 1996] but, more recently, lightweight Tedlar® or ALTEF gas bags (Figure 2A) have also provided adequate sampling volumes from horizontally dispersing dilute ground-level plumes [Malowany et al 2017] or high altitude plumes by airborne sampling from a helicopter [Fischer and Lopez 2016]. A dilute ascending plume at Stromboli volcano has also been successfully sampled using such bags deployed via UAS [Stix et al 2018a].…”

Section: Volcanic Gas Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanological applications of unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS): Developments, strategies, and future challenges

James

Carr²,

D'Arcy³

et al. 2020

Volcanica

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Unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) are developing into fundamental tools for tackling the grand challenges in volcanology; here, we review the systems used and their diverse applications. UAS can typically provide image and topographic data at two orders of magnitude better spatial resolution than space-based remote sensing, and close-range observations at temporal resolutions down to those of video frame rates. Responsive deployments facilitate dense time-series measurements, unique opportunities for geophysical surveys, sample collection from hostile environments such as volcanic plumes and crater lakes, and emergency deployment of ground-based sensors (and robots) into hazardous regions. UAS have already been used to support hazard management and decisionmakers during eruptive crises. As technologies advance, increased system capabilities, autonomy, and availabilitysupported by more diverse and lighter-weight sensors-will offer unparalleled potential for hazard monitoring. UAS are expected to provide opportunities for pivotal advances in our understanding of complex physical and chemical volcanic processes. Non-technical SummaryUnoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) are developing into essential tools for understanding and monitoring volcanoes. UAS can typically provide much more detailed imagery and 3-D maps of the Earth's surface, and more frequently, than satellites are able to. They can also make measurements and collect samples for geochemical analysis from hazardous regions such as volcanic plumes and near active vents. Through being quick to deploy, they offer key advantages during initial stages of volcano unrest as well as throughout eruptions. Data from UAS have already been used to support hazard management and decision-makers during crises. In the future, UAS will become increasingly capable of flying longer and more complex missions, more autonomously and with more sophisticated sensors, and are likely to become key components of broader sensor networks for monitoring and research.

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First airborne samples of a volcanic plume for δ¹³C of CO₂ determinations

Cited by 44 publications

References 25 publications

Subducting carbon

Subducting carbon

Deep Carbon Cycling Over the Past 200 Million Years: A Review of Fluxes in Different Tectonic Settings

Volcanological applications of unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS): Developments, strategies, and future challenges

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First airborne samples of a volcanic plume for δ13C of CO2 determinations

Cited by 44 publications

References 25 publications

Subducting carbon

Subducting carbon

Deep Carbon Cycling Over the Past 200 Million Years: A Review of Fluxes in Different Tectonic Settings

Volcanological applications of unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS): Developments, strategies, and future challenges

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First airborne samples of a volcanic plume for δ¹³C of CO₂ determinations