First decadal lunar results from the Moon and Earth Radiation Budget Experiment

Matthews, Grant

doi:10.1364/ao.57.001594

Cited by 14 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The second lunar calibration goal is reached with

< \pm

0.104

{normalW normalm}^{- 2}

/decade two sigma stability error confidence for Terra, and

\pm

0.147

{normalW normalm}^{- 2}

/decade for the newer Aqua satellite ((Matthews, 2018a), with values found also using Equation ). These numbers can be compared to the two sigma

\pm

0.3

{normalW normalm}^{- 2}

/decade stability figure, claimed by NASA over decadal periods and assumed for CERES by climatologists (Dessler, 2010; Loeb et al., 2007; Trenberth et al., 2014).…”

Section: –2015 Merbe Edition 10 Ebaf‐like Measured Global Albedo Solar Warming Changementioning

confidence: 94%

“…Wm /decade for the newer Aqua satellite ( (Matthews, 2018a), with values found also using Equation 1). These numbers can be compared to the two sigma 0.3 2 Wm /decade stability figure, claimed by NASA over decadal periods and assumed for CERES by climatologists (Dessler, 2010;Loeb et al, 2007;Trenberth et al, 2014 2b and 2c respectively, provide visual reassurance of the expected stability of the lunar albedo and the corresponding removal of the apparent CERES trend in the Earth albedo heating from Figure 2a.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This shows the Sun plays no part in current global warming. MATTHEWS 10.1029/2021GL092994 7 of 9 (Matthews, 2018a(Matthews, , 2018b. Then similar highly accurate spatial tracking like that of Figure 3 can be produced, for example, showing the needed measurements of ocean heat storage changes across the globe (Hansen et al, 2011).…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 2b shows the mentioned MERBE albedo data from the Moon, rather than the Earth albedo solar warming plots above and below. These two displayed separate Figure 2b results were taken by the most used CERES instruments called CFM1 on the EOS Terra satellite, and CFM3 on Aqua (although Terra's CFM2 has been recalibrated by MERBE also (Matthews, 2018a)). A fundamental MERBE principal is that instrument calibration parameters used have to meet established NASA solar criteria (Priestley et al., 2011).…”

Section: –2015 Merbe Edition 10 Ebaf‐like Measured Global Albedo Sola...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MERBE has therefore completely recalibrated and regenerated all relevant instantaneous radiative flux data files from CERES devices. This was done using spectral characterization techniques and the Moon as a primary radiometric standard as documented previously (Matthews, 2008(Matthews, , 2009(Matthews, , 2018a(Matthews, , 2018b(Matthews, , 2018cMatthews et al, 2006Matthews et al, , 2007.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

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NASA CERES Spurious Calibration Drifts Corrected by Lunar Scans to Show the Sun Is not Increasing Global Warming and Allow Immediate CRF Detection

Matthews¹

2021

Geophysical Research Letters

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There is still much uncertainty surrounding how the Earth will respond to the rapid recent warming that has been observed, due to significant anthropogenic greenhouse gas releases in the last 120 years. The resulting changes to clouds, often referred to as cloud radiative forcing/feedback or CRF (Bony et al., 2006), remains one of the largest unknowns. More specifically, it is unclear if the rapidly arriving warmer Earth will result in more, less, or simply different types of clouds, and whether changes to say their sunlight reflection will diminish or amplify warming (i.e., as a negative or positive climate feedback).The time averaged solar flux of 1,361 2Wm arriving at Earth is currently very stable on decadal length scales, with a slight negative trend of −0.029%/decade in the 2000-2015 timeframe, so cannot by itself be responsible for current rapid surface temperature rises (see Figure 1, LASP, 2021). This work is therefore not an analysis of effects of variation in solar output on climate change (Haigh, 1996), but instead its focus is on changes to remaining planetary solar input after reflection from Earth, defined here as "albedo solar warming" (at first assuming the Solar output flux is completely constant over time). Albedo changes have the potential to be a primary driver of climate change, as they would alter the energy entering Earth from the currently stable Sun. For example, the rise in atmospheric reflectivity due to particulate aerosols emitted from the 1991 Pinatubo volcanic eruption (Soden et al., 2002), led to a temporary global cooling of around half a degree Celsius.Climate scientists and economists estimated that the size of the CRF albedo solar warming/cooling climate signal trends being looked for, are no larger than just under 0.8 2Wm /decade in magnitude (Cooke et al., 2013;Wielicki et al., 2013). This is in terms of changes to fractional Earth reflectivity, multiplied with the incoming solar flux (that averages to 1,361 2Wm with an overhead Sun). Solar flux is measured daily Abstract Orbital Earth Radiation Budget measurement comparisons to models, are critical for climate prediction confidence. Satellite systems must reduce calibration drifts for this purpose. NASA Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) measures Earth albedo reductions that if correct, would increase solar forcing and suggest greater sunlight absorption is driving much of recent temperature increases. Such results are presented, alongside those from the Moon and Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (MERBE). MERBE uses constant lunar reflectivity for tracking and compensation of instrument telescope degradation, undetectable by CERES. MERBE finds Earth albedo constant compared to that of the Moon, because Arctic solar warming effects are balanced by solar cooling elsewhere, likely due to negative feedbacks. Contrary to NASA, this shows the Sun is not increasing warming and that CERES results are not as stable as claimed and assumed. Furthermore, MERBE can actually resolve Cloud Radiative Forcing (CRF) sign...

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“…The second lunar calibration goal is reached with

< \pm

0.104

{normalW normalm}^{- 2}

/decade two sigma stability error confidence for Terra, and

\pm

0.147

{normalW normalm}^{- 2}

/decade for the newer Aqua satellite ((Matthews, 2018a), with values found also using Equation ). These numbers can be compared to the two sigma

\pm

0.3

{normalW normalm}^{- 2}

/decade stability figure, claimed by NASA over decadal periods and assumed for CERES by climatologists (Dessler, 2010; Loeb et al., 2007; Trenberth et al., 2014).…”

Section: –2015 Merbe Edition 10 Ebaf‐like Measured Global Albedo Solar Warming Changementioning

confidence: 94%

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: –2015 Merbe Edition 10 Ebaf‐like Measured Global Albedo Sola...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

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NASA CERES Spurious Calibration Drifts Corrected by Lunar Scans to Show the Sun Is not Increasing Global Warming and Allow Immediate CRF Detection

Matthews¹

2021

Geophysical Research Letters

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Solar Intensity Dispersing (SID) Concept for CubeSat Spectral CLARREO‐Like Radiance Measurements

Matthews¹

2023

Earth and Space Science

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NRC Decadal Surveys stated that the most critical goal for orbital climate measurements was improving accuracy. This is so comparisons can be better made with models, tuning theory to match the truth. That gives confidence in model predictions of future global cloud albedo warming signals, estimated to be only 0.8%/decade or less. This work considers goals of a future mission CLARREO, currently in the development phase. CLARREO's Earth viewing optics intend to scan lunar radiance for tracking calibration changes, within both a high wavelength and high spatial resolution spectrometer. The current NASA CLARREO design will attempt absolute calibration from the space station by attenuating known solar flux, using pinholes and time under‐sampling. This study presents a cheaper and potentially more effective alternative, instead using the Sun as a near direct absolute calibration target. It does this spreading sunlight over a large solid angle, before integrating signals taken from a spinning orbiting CubeSat. Additionally, after reviewing actual orbital data comparisons, the realistic accuracy of cross‐orbit satellite to satellite calibration is shown several percent at best, even for a perfect CLARREO device (far short of the desired ±0.3% quoted by NASA). That is compared to the accuracy achievable from an absolute lunar spectral characterization from this CubeSat called “MERBE‐Sat,” acting as a transfer for a climate observation system, perhaps better than ±0.3% error. Although discussed individual components of MERBE‐Sat are mostly of high TRL Level, this work suggests experimentation to raise the net TRL level of the new entire concept.

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Evaluating the carbon inventory, carbon fluxes and carbon cycles for a long-term sustainable world

Tomkins

Müller

2019

Green Chem.

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First decadal lunar results from the Moon and Earth Radiation Budget Experiment

Cited by 14 publications

References 37 publications

NASA CERES Spurious Calibration Drifts Corrected by Lunar Scans to Show the Sun Is not Increasing Global Warming and Allow Immediate CRF Detection

NASA CERES Spurious Calibration Drifts Corrected by Lunar Scans to Show the Sun Is not Increasing Global Warming and Allow Immediate CRF Detection

Solar Intensity Dispersing (SID) Concept for CubeSat Spectral CLARREO‐Like Radiance Measurements

Evaluating the carbon inventory, carbon fluxes and carbon cycles for a long-term sustainable world

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