First detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus RNA in clinical specimens of acutely ill patients in Hungary

Serum and cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated neurofilament heavy subunit as a marker of neuroaxonal damage in tick-borne encephalitis

“…Diagnosis of TBE is usually based on clinical presentation suggestive of CNS inflammation and concurrent detection of TBEVspecific immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG antibodies in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [5]. TBEV RNA also can be detected in serum, blood, CSF, or urine [6][7][8], but only early in the course of the disease and/or in immunodeficient patients [9]. Thus, most patients admitted to the hospital at the onset of the neurological phase of TBE no longer have detectable levels of viral RNA.…”

T-Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain 1 (TIM-1) Is a Functional Entry Factor for Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus

“…To prove that endogenous TIM-1 is important for entry of TBEV in primary cells, mouse primary renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) were utilized as a relevant cell type. It was shown that TBEV viral RNA could be detected in kidney and urine samples of humans and other natural hosts even if viremia was not detected, which would suggest infection of renal parenchymal cells ( 18 – 20 ). TIM-1 expression has been demonstrated in epithelial cells of kidney origin and is upregulated in both mouse and human kidneys after injury ( 14 ).…”

Are other tick-borne infections overlooked in patients investigated for Lyme neuroborreliosis? A large retrospective study from South-eastern Sweden

“…We did not perform any PCR analysis of the sera, since the samples were drawn from patients with suspected neurological symptoms and TBEV is usually not detectable in the serum during the meningoencephalitic phase of the disease (Saksida et al, 2005). Interestingly, a few studies including a small number of patients iwith meningoencephalitis have detected TBEV with PCR in tissues other than the CSF, such as sera and urine (Nagy et al, 2018;Saksida et al, 2005;Veje et al, 2018).…”