First identification of infectious salmon anaemia virus in North America with haemorrhagic kidney syndrome

Lovely, Jane E.; Dannevig, Birgit H.; Falk, K. George; Hutchin, L.; MacKinnon, A. M.; Melville, Krista; Rimstad, Espen; Griffiths, Steven G.

doi:10.3354/dao035145

Cited by 100 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Epidemics have occurred in all major Atlantic salmon producing countries including Canada, Chile, the Faroe Islands, Norway, Scotland and the USA, causing severe economic and production losses [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The causative agent, infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First field evidence of the evolution from a non-virulent HPR0 to a virulent HPR-deleted infectious salmon anaemia virus

Christiansen

McBeath

Aamelfot

et al. 2017

Journal of General Virology

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The putatively non-virulent subtype of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), ISAV-HPR0, is proposed to act as a progenitor and reservoir for all virulent ISAVs and thus represent a potential risk factor for the emergence of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) disease. Here, we provide the first evidence of genetic and functional evolution from an ISAV-HPR0 variant (FO/07/12) to a low-virulent ISAV virus (FO/121/14) in a Faroese Atlantic salmon marine farm. The FO/121/14 virus infection was not associated with specific clinical signs of ISA and was confined to a single net-pen, while various ISAV-HPR0 subtypes were found circulating in most epidemiologically linked marine and freshwater farms. Sequence analysis of all eight segments revealed that the FO/121/14 virus was identical, apart from a substitution in the fusion (F) gene (Q 266 L) and a deletion in the haemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene, to the FO/07/12 variant from a freshwater farm, which supplied smolts exclusively to the FO/121/14-positive net-pen. An immersion challenge with the FO/121/14 virus induced a systemic infection in Atlantic salmon associated with a low mortality and mild clinical signs confirming its low pathogenicity. Our results demonstrate that mutations in the F protein and deletions in the highly polymorphic region (HPR) of the HE protein represent a minimum requirement for ISAV to gain virulence and to switch cell tropism from a localized epithelial infection to a systemic endotheliotropic infection. This documents that ISAV-HPR0 represents a reservoir and risk factor for the emergence of ISA disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First field evidence of the evolution from a non-virulent HPR0 to a virulent HPR-deleted infectious salmon anaemia virus

Christiansen

McBeath

Aamelfot

et al. 2017

Journal of General Virology

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“…ISA was fi rst recognized as a disease entity in 1984 in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway [5] and has since been diagnosed in Canada, Scotland, the Faroe Islands, USA and Chile [6][7][8][9]. Fish in the terminal stage were found to be severely anemic, and this feature gave name to the disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative aspects of infectious salmon anemia virus, an orthomyxovirus of fish, to influenza viruses

2009

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Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a viral disease that was fi rst recorded in 1984 in farmed Atlantic salmon. The infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is classifi ed as the type species of the genus Isavirus in the Orthomyxoviridae family and is evolutionary remote to the infl uenza viruses. The genome consists of eight negative single-stranded RNA segments, and it utilises the same mechanisms as infl uenza viruses to enter and exit cells. Although a common ancestor of ISAV and other genera of Orthomyxoviruses could be dated back several millions of years, there are still many similarities between ISAV and the infl uenza viruses regarding morphology, replication cycles and interactions with their respective hosts.

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“…Since 1984, it has been associated with high mortality in the aquaculture industry (48), reaching 100% in some cases (5,17,27,39,48). ISAV is a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family and is the only member of the Isavirus genus (24,32).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory Effect of a Nucleotide Analog on Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Infection

Rivas‐Aravena

Vallejos‐Vidal²,

Martı́n

et al. 2011

J Virol

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The infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, has been responsible for major losses in the salmon industry, with mortalities close to 100% in areas where Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is grown. This work studied the effect of ribavirin (1-␤-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,3-triazole-3-carbaxaide), a broad-spectrum antiviral compound with proven ability to inhibit the replicative cycle of the DNA and RNA viruses. The results show that ribavirin was able to inhibit the infectivity of ISAV in in vitro assays. In these assays, a significant inhibition of the replicative viral cycle was observed with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of 0.02 g/ml and an IC 90 of 0.4 g/ml of ribavirin. After ribavirin treatment, viral proteins were not detectable and a reduction of viral mRNA association with ribosomes was observed. Ribavirin does not affect the levels of EF1a, nor its association with polysomes, suggesting that the inhibition of RNA synthesis occurs specifically for the virus mRNAs and not for cellular mRNAs. Moreover, ribavirin caused a significant reduction in genomic and viral RNA messenger levels. The study of the inhibitory mechanism showed that it was not reversed by the addition of guanosine. Furthermore, in vivo assays showed a reduction in the mortality of Salmo salar by more than 90% in fish infected with ISAV and treated with ribavirin without adverse effects. In fact, these results show that ribavirin is an antiviral that could be used to prevent ISAV replication either in vitro or in vivo.

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First identification of infectious salmon anaemia virus in North America with haemorrhagic kidney syndrome

Cited by 100 publications

References 7 publications

First field evidence of the evolution from a non-virulent HPR0 to a virulent HPR-deleted infectious salmon anaemia virus

First field evidence of the evolution from a non-virulent HPR0 to a virulent HPR-deleted infectious salmon anaemia virus

Comparative aspects of infectious salmon anemia virus, an orthomyxovirus of fish, to influenza viruses

Inhibitory Effect of a Nucleotide Analog on Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Infection

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