First insights into species and genotypes of Echinococcus in South Africa

Mogoye, Benjamin; Menezes, Colin; Wong, Michelle; Stacey, Sarah; Delft, Dirk von; Wahlers, Kerstin; Wassermann, Marion; Römig, Thomas; Kern, Peter; Grobusch, Martin P.; Frean, John

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.03.033

Cited by 43 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“… indicated that brain CE caused by E. canadensis (G6) was due to primary infection of the brain without hepatic lesions. This is in contrast to all other reports of E. canadensis , which indicated hepatic lesions with metastasis to the brain . It remains unclear whether this difference is due to unique genetic characteristics of the parasite, the host, or both, with genetic background postulated to be important in Iranian cases of Echinococcus .…”

Section: Topicscontrasting

confidence: 76%

Basic and applied problems in developmental biology and immunobiology of cestode infections: Hymenolepis,Taenia and Echinococcus

Itō

2015

Parasite Immunology

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Differentiation and development of parasites, including longevity in host animals, are thought to be governed by host-parasite interactions. In this review, several topics on the developmental biology of cestode infections are discussed from immunobiological perspective with a focus on Hymenolepis, Taenia and Echinococcus infections. The basic premise of this review is that 'differentiation and development of cestodes' are somehow affected by host immune responses with an evolutionary history.

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Section: Topicscontrasting

confidence: 76%

Basic and applied problems in developmental biology and immunobiology of cestode infections: Hymenolepis,Taenia and Echinococcus

Itō

2015

Parasite Immunology

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“…Elsewhere, it seems to be widespread, but usually rare (Cardona and Carmena, 2013). A small number of infections have been molecularly identified from cattle in Sudan (Dinkel et al, 2004;Omer et al, 2010), Kenya (Mbaya et al, 2014), South Africa (Mogoye et al, 2013), Brazil (de la Rue et al, 2006, Italy (Busi et al, 2007) and most recently in France (Grenouillet et al, 2014), cattle and buffaloes in India (Zhang et al, 1999), goats and sheep in Kenya (Mbaya et al, 2014), and pigs in Kenya and India (Dinkel et al, 2004;Pednekar et al, 2009). A case of monkey infection with E. ortleppi has been reported from Vietnam (Plesker et al, 2009), and a captive deer imported from France into the UK was found infected (Boufana et al, 2012).…”

Section: Echinococcus Ortleppimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pairwise divergence value of two mitochondrial genes (>2600 bp) was much lower between G6 and G7 isolates than between geographical variants of E. multilocularis, which makes it doubtful to address these two strains as separate entities. As some isolates cannot be clearly allocated to either of them, members of this cluster have been referred to as G6/7 (Mogoye et al, 2013;Nakao et al, 2013a;Nakao et al, 2013b). Still, biologically relevant variants may exist within the G6/7 cluster: in the Neuquén province of Argentina goats were found infected with G6, while pigs were infected with G7 (Soriano et al, 2010).…”

Section: Echinococcus Canadensismentioning

confidence: 99%

Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato

Römig

Ebi

Wassermann

2015

Veterinary Parasitology

252

207

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Echinococcus granulosus, formerly regarded as a single species with a high genotypic and phenotypic diversity, is now recognised as an assemblage of cryptic species, which differ considerably in morphology, development, host specificity (including infectivity/pathogenicity for humans) and other aspects. This diversity is reflected in the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes and has led to the construction of phylogenetic trees and hypotheses on the origin and geographic dispersal of various taxa. Based on phenotypic characters and gene sequences, E. granulosus (sensu lato) has by now been subdivided into E. granulosus sensu stricto (including the formerly identified genotypic variants G1-3), Echinococcus felidis (the former 'lion strain'), Echinococcus equinus (the 'horse strain', genotype G4), Echinococcus ortleppi (the 'cattle strain', genotype G5) and Echinococcus canadensis. The latter species, as recognised here, shows the highest diversity and is composed of the 'camel strain', genotype G6, the 'pig strain', genotype G7, and two 'cervid strains', genotypes G8 and G10. There is debate whether the closely related G6 and G7 should be placed in a separate species, but more morphological and biological data are needed to support or reject this view. In this classification, the application of rules for zoological nomenclature led to the resurrection of old species names, which had before been synonymised with E. granulosus. This nomenclatural subdivision of the agents of cystic echinococcosis (CE) may appear inconvenient for practical applications, especially because molecular tools are needed for identification of the cyst stage, and because retrospective data on 'E. granulosus' are now difficult to interpret without examination of voucher specimens. However, the increased awareness for the diversity of CE agents - now emphasised by species names rather than genotype numbers - has led to a large number of recent studies on this issue and a rapid increase of knowledge on geographical spread, host range and impact on human health of the various species. E. granulosus s.s., often transmitted by sheep, is now clearly identified as the principal CE agent affecting humans. Contrary to previous assumptions, genotypes G6/7 of E. canadensis readily infect humans, although CE incidences are rather low where E. canadensis predominates. Sub-Saharan Africa seems to be the region with the highest diversity of Echinococcus, and wild carnivores may play a more important role in the lifecycles of various species than previously assumed. Still, a number of issues remain unclear, e.g. possibly diverging parameters of diagnostic tests among the species, different responses to vaccines and, importantly, possibly required modifications of clinical management due to differences in pathogenicity.

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“…in African wildlife are far from clear, and every additional record that includes molecular data is of great scientific value. While a survey of wild definitive hosts has been recently conducted in Kenya (Kagendo et al., 2014), the general lack of data is particularly evident from the southern part of Africa, where no molecular characterization of Echinococcus has been undertaken except for some isolates of human origin (Mogoye et al., 2013). Here we report on a survey of Echinococcus in all species of large carnivores that occur in the Etosha National Park ecosystem, together with two species of large herbivore.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%