First observation of domoic acid and its isomers in shellfish samples from Shandong Province, China

Comparative study of domoic acid accumulation, isomer content and associated digestive subcellular processes in five marine invertebrate species

“…Understanding DA compositional changes is important not only as a means of predicting toxicity, but also because biotransformation could participate in the prolonged retention of this toxin in invertebrate species by means of some of the subcellular mechanisms analyzed here. Notwithstanding, biotransformation does not appear to be the main route of DA elimination in these species since it represents less than 10% of total DA of the digestive gland measured in these five species, as well as in previous studies (Costa et al, 2005a;Blanco et al, 2010;Zheng et al, 2022). There is only one study showing some insights of DA biotransformation linked to apparent augmentation of the overall DA detoxification rate in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, wherein DA isomers comprise a relevant percentage of the toxin profile in the branchial hearts, suggesting that this organ has an important function in system detoxification of DA (Costa et al, 2005a).…”

“…isoA, isoD, isoE, and epi-DA) are frequently detected in seafood during ASP-monitoring. The concentrations of DA-isomers commonly range from 0.5 to ~20% of total DA burdens (Wright et al, 1990a;Costa et al, 2005;Takata et al, 2009;Zheng et al, 2022). Despite some studies pointing out some degree of species-specific biotransformation of DA in bivalves (Wright et al, 1990b;Blanco et al, 2010), fish and shellfish (Vale and Sampayo, 2001), and cephalopods (Costa et al, 2005), no work has ever compared the biotransformation profiles of DA against the subcellular localization of this toxin in contaminated invertebrates.…”