First operation of the JUNGFRAU detector in 16-memory cell mode at European XFEL

Abstract

The JUNGFRAU detector is a well-established hybrid pixel detector developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) designed for free-electron laser (FEL) applications. JUNGFRAU features a charge-integrating dynamic gain switching architecture, with three different gain stages and 75 μm pixel pitch. It is widely used at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL), a facility which produces high brilliance X-ray pulses at MHz repetition rate in the form of bursts repeating at 10 Hz. In nominal configuration, the detector utilizes only a single memory cell and supports data acquisition up to 2 kHz. This constrains the operation of the detector to a 10 Hz frame rate when combined with the pulsed train structure of the EuXFEL. When configured in so-called burst mode, the JUNGFRAU detector can acquire a series of images into sixteen memory cells at a maximum rate of around 150 kHz. This acquisition scheme is better suited for the time structure of the X-rays as well as the pump laser pulses at the EuXFEL. To ensure confidence in the use of the burst mode at EuXFEL, a wide range of measurements have been performed to characterize the detector, especially to validate the detector alibration procedures. In particular, by analyzing the detector response to varying photon intensity (so called ‘intensity scan’), special attention was given to the characterization of the transitions between gain stages. The detector was operated in both dynamic gain switching and fixed gain modes. Results of these measurements indicate difficulties in the characterization of the detector dynamic gain switching response while operated in burst mode, while no major issues have been found with fixed gain operation. Based on this outcome, fixed gain operation mode with all the memory cells was used during two experiments at EuXFEL, namely in serial femtosecond protein crystallography and Kossel lines measurements. The positive outcome of these two experiments validates the good results previously obtained, and opens the possibility for a wider usage of the detector in burst operation mode, although compromises are needed on the dynamic range.

Resolving soft X-ray photons with a high-rate hybrid pixel detector

“…The 2.2 kHz frame rate of JUNGFRAU constitutes a more than thousandfold increase in speed compared to commercial CCD cameras for soft X-rays and at least a factor of 20 improvement compared to standard CMOS image sensors. The capability of JUNGFRAU 1.0 to acquire bursts of up to 16 images with an effective frame rate of ~150 kHz, opens further possibilities for high-rate applications with soft X-rays at next-generation FEL facilities [33]. Furthermore, with an area of 4 × 8 cm 2 for a 500 k pixel module, a JUNGFRAU system provides an active area that is eight times larger than standard CCD and CMOS devices.…”

Structural Dynamics of Metalloproteins and Redox Enzymology with Mix-and-Inject Time-Resolved Serial Femtosecond Crystallography

“…Various types of 3D-printed mixing injectors are available for MISC tr -SFX experiments, and the instrument is also suitable for other types of mixing injectors, including a drop-on-demand injector. , With the SPB/SFX instrument, the MISC tr -SFX data are collected on an adaptive gain-integrating pixel detector (AGIPD) that was developed specifically to meet the unique high X-ray pulse repetition rates of the European XFEL. The instrument also uses a direct beam (focused on compound refractive lenses) in a downstream interaction region operated at a 10 Hz rate on a Jungfrau 4M detector, a 2D charge-integrating pixel detector developed by the Paul Scherrer Institute, which is suitable for high-viscosity extruders (HVEs), including mixing-HVEs for the study of membrane proteins and their reaction dynamics at slower rates up to 40 s of mixing delay.…”