First Report of Black Sigatoka Disease in Banana Caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis on Martinique Island

Abstract

Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet (anamorph Pseudocercospora fijiensis Morelet), the causal agent of black Sigatoka disease of banana, is considered to be the greatest economical threat for export-banana cultivation throughout the world because most cultivars are highly susceptible. The disease has a worldwide distribution throughout the humid tropical regions, but was still absent in some Caribbean islands hitherto. In Martinique Island, an intensive survey has been conducted by the plant protection service and the Fédération Régionale de Défense Contre les Organismes Nuisibles (FREDON) since April 2008 to detect as early as possible any outbreak of infection by M. fijiensis. In September 2010, typical symptoms of black Sigatoka were observed in a plantain crop located in Ducos Municipality (14°35.702′N, 60°58.221′W) in the west-central area of the island. Typical early symptoms were 1- to 4-mm long brown streaks on the abaxial leaf surface. The presence of the disease was further confirmed by the in situ observation of microscopic features of the anamorphic form of the pathogen (3). Typical pale brown, straight or slightly geniculate conidiophores were observed occurring singly or in little groups without any stroma, with a thickened wall at the conidial scars. Conidia were hyaline to pale olive, straight or slightly curved, with one to eight septa, and a conspicuous scar at the basal cell. The diagnosis was confirmed by real-time PCR targeting M. fijiensis-specific regions within the β-tubulin gene (1). Positive results were consistently obtained with DNA extracted from infected banana tissue samples, and the identity of the amplicon was confirmed by sequencing (Accession No. HQ412771) and comparison with reference sequences deposited on GenBank. After this first finding, the survey was intensified and black Sigatoka symptoms were also observed in several other locations on the island, affecting a large range of susceptible cultivars (Grande Naine, French, and Figue Sucrée), and in plantations, backyards, and private gardens. The presence of the fungus in the samples was confirmed by PCR analysis of DNA extracted from symptomatic leaves with a M. fijiensis-specific ITS-based primer pair (2). The pathogen may have been introduced into Martinique by ascospores, from islands where black Sigatoka is present, that were blown by continuous southerly winds over a 2-week period in August 2010 that was immediately followed by heavy rains that favor disease development. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. fijiensis on Martinique Island, showing that the disease is still spreading northward in this region of the Caribbean. References: (1) M. Arzanlou et al. Phytopathology 97:1112, 2007. (2) J. Henderson et al. Page 59 in: Mycosphaerella Leaf Spot Disease of Bananas: Present Status and Outlook. L. Jacome et al., eds. International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP), Montpellier, France. 2003. (3) M. F. Zapater et al. Fruits 63:389, 2008.

Black Sigatoka in bananas: Ecoclimatic suitability and disease pressure assessments

“…Black leaf streak disease (BLSD), also known as black Sigatoka disease, has long been a major constraint to banana and plantain production [1–5], inducing severe defoliation, and reducing photosynthesis, biomass accumulation and yield across most of the tropical and sub-tropical environments where bananas and plantains are cultivated. It is one of the most serious biological threats to banana production for food security and export [6–8]. Control of BLSD has been increasing over the years [9], originally accounting for 27% of production costs in Central America [1] and yield losses in excess of 38% [10].…”

The arbuscular mycorrhiza fungusRhizophagus irregularisMUCL 41833 decreases disease severity of Black Sigatoka on banana c.v. Grande naine, underin vitroculture conditions

“…It belongs to the 'Sigatoka disease complex', which includes M. musicola, the causal agent of Sigatoka leaf spot disease and M. eumusae, which causes Eumusae leaf spot disease [2]. The disease was detected for the first time in the Fiji islands in 1963 [3] and is nowadays present in most production areas [4]. The disease affects the leaves, reducing their photosynthetic activity and carbohydrate production and can also reduce the green life of fruits [5], and impacts pulp color and early ripening [6], impediments to export in case of strong infestation.…”

The origin, versatility and distribution of azole fungicide resistance in the banana black Sigatoka pathogen Pseudocercospora fijiensis

“…close to the northern-east part of South America, happened only in 2010 and 2012, respectively (Guzmán et al 2013;Ioos et al 2011). For that reason, the exposure to the fungicide have been too short, hence the selective pressure is low, which accords with our results, as all P. fijiensis isolates are sensitive to DMIs.…”

“…These data revealed an ~40-fold increase of the EC50 over a decade, which was gradual and hence, predictable. Costa Rica has a long history of fungicide use in black Sigatoka management (Marín et al 2003) (Guzmán et al 2013;Ioos et al 2011). This latter case raises questions about their origin.…”