First Report of Cochlodinium Polykrikoides (Dinophyceae), a Harmful Algal Bloom (Hab) Species in the Coastal Waters of Peninsular Malaysia

Harun, Siti Nor Rohaida; Mohammad-Noor, Normawaty; Ahmad, Zuhairi; Kua, Beng Chu; Saad, Shahbudin; Hidayat, Nor Salamah Mohamad; Mukai, Yukinori

doi:10.22452/mjs.vol34no1.9

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…However, the growth of M. polykrikoides is inhibited by a concentration of NH 4 (> 50 µM) (Lee 2008). However, a high concentration of ammonia (2.78-55.50 µM) was recorded during the first occurrence of M. polykrikoides in peninsular Malaysia (Harun et al 2015). However, a high concentration of phosphate (0.16-3.25 µM) was found during blooms of M. polykrikoides in Mexico (Gárate-Lizárraga et al 2004) (Table 3).…”

Section: End Of Experiments (Um)mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Growth of Harmful Dinoflagellate Margalefidinium polykrikoides in Different Nutrient Concentrations

Al-Has¹,

Mohammad-Noor²,

Shaleh³

et al. 2022

Philipp J Sci

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Margalefidinium polykrikoides blooms resulted in massive fish mortality in many countries around the world. The prevalence of booms is believed to be associated with the eutrophication of the coastal area. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effects of different nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations on the growth of M. polykrikoides. Experiments were conducted on M. polykrikoides isolated from the affected area by exposing the cell to various N and P ratio: seawater without the addition of N and P (SW), equal N:P ratio (NP), trial ratio of N and P (TR), F/2 medium (+NP), deficient N (–N), and deficient P (–P). The experiments were carried out in triplicates for 20 d in similar environmental conditions with the determination of density, specific growth rate, and cell size during the study period. Furthermore, nutrient concentrations nitrite+nitrate (NO2 –+NO3 –), phosphate (PO4 3–), and ammonia (NH4 +) were measured initially in the medium and both nutrients and chlorophyll were determined at the end of the experiment. The results revealed that M. polykrikoides grew in all the experiments, but the growth patterns differed between the treatments. The highest specific growth rate (0.1901 ± 0.017 d–1) with the highest cell density (1709 ± 68.21 cells mL–1) with a long chain of cells was observed in TR during the exponential phase. However, cell size was significantly smaller in SW compared to other nutrient conditions during the exponential phase. This study shows that M. polykrikoides a flexible species in nutrient uptake, thus allowing the species to survive in different nutrient conditions. The understanding of this bloom mechanism is important in monitoring and management of this harmful species, particularly in Sabah coastal waters.

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Section: End Of Experiments (Um)mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In Malaysia, M. polykrikoides was first observed in the Sepanggar Bay, Sabah in 2005(Anton et al 2008) before it was reported in peninsular Malaysia in 2013 (Harun et al 2015). Based on large the subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rDNA), M. polykrikoides found in Malaysia belong to the American ribotype (Iwataki et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth of Harmful Dinoflagellate Margalefidinium polykrikoides in Different Nutrient Concentrations

Al-Has¹,

Mohammad-Noor²,

Shaleh³

et al. 2022

Philipp J Sci

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“…Blooms of M. polykrikoides reoccurred in Perak in 2013, resulting in substantial losses for local fishermen [120]. The frequency of fish kill events increased significantly starting from 2014.…”

Section: Fish Kill Events In Malaysiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Fish Kills Related to Harmful Algal Bloom Events in Southeast Asia

San Diego-McGlone,

Yñiguez,

Benico

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Fish kills in Southeast Asia are frequently associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs) and cause significant ecological and economic impacts. This paper serves as a review of fish kill events with focus on those related to HABs within the region. It examines the causative algal species, known mechanisms of fish mortality, and socio-economic consequences. Fish kills have been reported across multiple countries within Southeast Asia, with notable hotspots in the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and Thailand. The common harmful microalgal species span a diverse group including dinoflagellates (Karenia spp., Karlodinium spp., Margalefidinium polykrikoides, Noctiluca scintillans), raphidophytes (Chattonella spp.), diatoms (Skeletonema spp. and Chaetoceros spp.), and cyanobacteria (Trichodesmium spp.). These microalgae lead to fish kills through mechanisms such as hypoxia, physical gill damage, and ichthyotoxin production. Freshwater fish kills linked to HABs have also been documented for the Philippines, but there is no or limited information for the region. Our review highlights the widespread and recurring nature of fish kills, their impact on fisheries and aquaculture, and challenges in managing and mitigating their effects. There are efforts at enhancing management and mitigation using clay and early-warning systems. However, it is essential to further improve monitoring efforts, the development and deployment of early-warning systems, and viable and holistic mitigation strategies to protect the region’s aquatic resources and dependent communities, especially as aquaculture and coastal development are increasing concurrent with a changing climate that can exacerbate the risks of fish kills and HABs in Southeast Asia.

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“…HAB species that caused mass fish mortality have been well documented in the coastal waters of Malaysia . These included the raphidophytes Chatonella B.Biecheler (Choo 1994, Lum et al 2021, the dinophytes Ceratium (Tripos) furca (Lemmerman) Jörgesen (unpublished data), Margalefidinium polykrikoides (Margalef) F.Gómez, Richlen & D.M.Anderson (Anton et al 2008, Harun et al 2015, Mohd Razali and Shahuntalla 2017, Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kofoid & Swezy (Choo 1994, Mohd Razali et al 2016, and Karlodinium australe Salas, Bolch & Hallegraeff (Lim et al 2014. Blooms of Margalefidiniun sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of <i>Heterocapsa</i> (Dinophyceae) and the algal bloom event in the mariculture areas of Johor Strait, Malaysia

Razali¹,

Mustapa²,

Yaacob³

et al. 2022

Plankton Benthos Res

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In November 2020, a high biomass multi-species algal bloom caused heavy water discoloration in the fish and mussel farm areas of the Johor Strait, Malaysia. A total of 19 microalgal taxa were identified from the plankton samples collected during the bloom event. Eleven genera were diatoms, and eight genera were dinophytes. The microalgal composition was dominated by the diatom Guinardia sp., with an average cell density of 1.7×10 6 cells L −1 , making up 65-80% of the phytoplankton composition. Concomitantly, high densities of the dinophytes Heterocapsa minima (3.8-5.3×10 5 cells L −1 ) and Karlodinium spp. (3.5-6.6×10 3 cells L −1 ) were found. This is the first record of the occurrence of H. minima in Malaysian waters. Detailed morphological observations of H. minima based on scanning electron microscopy are presented in this study. To have a better insight into the Heterocapsa species assemblages in the Johor Strait, the diversity of Heterocapsa species assemblages along the strait was investigated based on a metabarcoding approach. Environmental DNA collected between 2018 and 2019 was used for high throughput amplicon sequencing targeting the small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA gene marker. The metabarcoding analysis detected three rare Heterocapsa species in the waters, H. niei, H. rotundata, and H. steinii. The results showed that Heterocapsa species assemblages varied temporally across the strait, with higher species diversity and amplicon sequence variant (ASV) read abundances detected in the Eastern Johor Strait. Although no fish/shellfish kills were sighted during the 2020 bloom event, the presence of harmful microalgal species, such as Heterocapsa minima and Karlodinium spp., urged the need for a comprehensive HAB monitoring program in the Strait to safeguard the aquaculture industry in the areas.

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First Report of Cochlodinium Polykrikoides (Dinophyceae), a Harmful Algal Bloom (Hab) Species in the Coastal Waters of Peninsular Malaysia

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

Growth of Harmful Dinoflagellate Margalefidinium polykrikoides in Different Nutrient Concentrations

Growth of Harmful Dinoflagellate Margalefidinium polykrikoides in Different Nutrient Concentrations

Fish Kills Related to Harmful Algal Bloom Events in Southeast Asia

Diversity of <i>Heterocapsa</i> (Dinophyceae) and the algal bloom event in the mariculture areas of Johor Strait, Malaysia

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