First Report of Silverleaf Disease Caused by <i>Chondrostereum purpureum</i> on Murta (<i>Ugni molinae</i>) in Chile

Grinbergs, D.; Chilian, Javier; Lisboa, Karin

doi:10.1094/pdis-12-18-2285-pdn

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…In the present study, C. purpureum was successfully isolated from the necrotic margin of stained wood of Japanese plums trees showing Silverleaf foliar symptoms. The symptoms were similar to those described for other fruit hosts [3,23,46]. Chondrostereum purpureum is a primary invader of woody angiosperms and enters its host through a fresh wound, followed by the infection of aggressive saprobic fungi such as Trametes versicolor and Schizophyllum commune [15,16].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Pouzar is an important wood pathogen that causes Silverleaf disease. While this fungal species has attracted considerable interest in several countries as a biological agent for woody weed control in coniferous forest plantations [13][14][15][16][17], it can cause severe and destructive disease in woody plants, including Plants 2021, 10, 2777 2 of 14 ornamental, wild, forest, and fruit crop species in some areas of the world [4,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. More than 230 species are recorded as hosts of C. purpureum [15,18,19,24,25], i.e., the Rosaceae family [3,4,18,19,[26][27][28] and genus Prunus, one of the most susceptible to this pathogen [18], such as P. armeniaca [29], P. avium [30], P. persica 49 [31], P. serotina [19], P. domestica [32], and P. salicina [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can produce severe losses in orchards, and it is the main cause of mortality in peach and nectarine in New Zealand, with losses of 8% per year [40]. In Chile, it has caused disease in different fruit crop species, such as almond, apples, blueberries, cherry, Chilean guava, nectarine, quince, pear tree, and plum [3,4,23], showing silver leaves and brown central discoloration in branches and the main trunks. In blueberry, the effects of Silverleaf on plants and fruit were measured, with water potential and stomatal conductance the most affected physiological parameters, as well as a yield reduction of 40% and problems in fruit quality, such as reduction of maturation, colour, and weight [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Silverleaf (Chondrostereum purpureum) Effects on Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina)

Grinbergs

Chilian

Hahn

et al. 2021

Plants

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Silverleaf is an important fungal trunk disease of fruit crops, such as Japanese plum (Prunus salicina). It is known that infection by Chondrostereum purpureum results in discolored wood, “silvered” foliage, and tree decline. However, effects on fruit yield and quality have not been assessed. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine C. purpureum pathogenicity on P. salicina and the effects on physiology, fruit yield, and quality, in Chile, in 2019 and 2020. Wood samples from affected plum trees were collected in the Chilean plum productive area. Fungi were isolated by plating wood sections from the necrosis margin on culture media. Morphological and molecular characteristics of the isolates corresponded to C. purpureum (98%). Representative isolates were inoculated from healthy plum plants and after 65-d incubation, wood necrotic lesions and silver leaves were visible. Fungi were reisolated, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To determine Silverleaf effects, xylem water potential and fruit yield and quality were measured in healthy and Silverleaf-diseased plum trees ‘Angeleno’. Water potential was altered in diseased trees, and fruit yield was reduced by 51% (2019) and by 41% (2020) compared to fruit from healthy trees. Moreover, cover-colour, equatorial-diameter, and weight were reduced, and fruit were softer, failing to meet the criteria to be properly commercialized and exported to demanding markets.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Silverleaf (Chondrostereum purpureum) Effects on Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina)

Grinbergs

Chilian

Hahn

et al. 2021

Plants

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“…The plasticity of this fungus has allowed its adaptation to diverse hosts and geographic regions, as it occurs in different countries such as New Zealand, Canada, and The Netherlands, where C. purpureum is ubiquitous (De Jong et al 1990;Gosselin et al 1999;Spiers et al 2000). In Chile it has been recorded from different host species and geographic areas (France et al 2017;Grinbergs et al 2019), as well as in this study, where the fungus was detected in nine different woody species causing silverleaf, and from a wide range of climate regions along the country. In addition, C. purpureum has been described as a weak pathogen in some countries (De La Bastide and Hintz 2007), while silverleaf has been classified as a major disease in Chile.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Silverleaf disease is considered a major economic disease for several fruit crops in Chile, with new host species and cultivars for C. purpureum reported yearly (France et al 2017;Grinbergs et al 2019). Apple is one of the most susceptible species, and silverleaf occurs throughout all the apple producing area, having a negative impact on the productivity and longevity of apple orchards and nurseries (Spiers and Brewster 1997;Spiers et al 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

A PCR-Based Method for the Rapid Detection ofChondrostereum purpureumin Apple

et al. 2020

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Silverleaf caused by the basidiomycete Chondrostereum purpureum affects numerous woody species, including fruit tree crops like apple, resulting in wood necrosis and foliar silvering. There are no curative alternatives for this disease, and its management is by prevention methods. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a rapid diagnostic tool for the detection and identification of C. purpureum directly from woody tissues to help distinguish the pathogen from other basidiomycetes that are commonly found on apple. The silverleaf pathogen was isolated from different hosts and locations, and Koch’s postulates were performed by inoculating the isolates on apple cuttings and measuring internal necrosis. A previously described APN 1 pair of primers specificity was also tested against 25 C. purpureum isolates in this study, using other wood rotting species as negative controls. Seven virulent isolates were inoculated on apple cuttings, and DNA was extracted from the cuttings’ sawdust and amplified using APN 1, after 22 days of incubation. To prove the efficiency of the method in the field, DNA from healthy nursery plants inoculated with two virulent isolates, and naturally infected plants showing different levels of foliar symptoms, were tested. Presence of the fungus was verified by reisolation on APDA in all assays. Koch’s postulates indicated that all C. purpureum isolates were pathogenic, showing different virulence levels, and APN 1 primers were able to discriminate them from other basidiomycetes. The method was also able to detect C. purpureum from artificially inoculated plants as well as naturally infected ones, demonstrating that the protocol may become a rapid minimally destructive diagnostic tool to detect the pathogen without the need to isolate it from tissues, and thus taking measures to prevent its dissemination.

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Endophytic Microorganisms Associated with Reversion of Silverleaf Disease Symptoms in Apple

et al. 2021

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Silverleaf is caused by the fungus Chondrostereum purpureum, which produces wood necrosis and foliar silvering in woody plants. Field observations and studies in apple have shown the reversion of foliar symptoms. Since plants were clones and received identical agronomical management, it was hypothesized that reversion is driven by endophytic microbiota. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare healthy, diseased and reverted plants with respect to their physiology, endophytic microbial communities, antagonistic ability of their endophytes against C. purpureum and defense-genes-expression. Water-potential, stomatal-conductance, chlorophyll-content and fluorescence were measured. Endophytic bacterial and fungal DNA were analyzed by DGGE, and communities richness and similarity were calculated. Wood cores were collected and bacterial and fungal endophytes were isolated and confronted with C. purpureum virulent strains in dual-culture assays. Defense-genes-expression were measured by qPCR. Results indicated that there were no differences in physiological parameters between healthy and reverted plants, except for fluorescence, and both type of plants differed from diseased ones. Bacterial and fungal communities richness were similar in healthy and reverted plants, and higher than in diseased ones. Endophytes from reverted and healthy plants showed high antagonism to C. purpureum. Furthermore, NPR1-gene-expression was upregulated in reverted plants, while PAL and PGIP showed higher values in diseased plants. Overall, physiological, molecular and microbial characteristics were similar between healthy and reverted plants, and both differed from diseased ones. Therefore, reversion of symptoms is associated with changes in the endophytic microbiota, which seems to be a promising source of biological control agents against C. purpureum.

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First Report of Silverleaf Disease Caused by Chondrostereum purpureum on Murta (Ugni molinae) in Chile

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Silverleaf (Chondrostereum purpureum) Effects on Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina)

Silverleaf (Chondrostereum purpureum) Effects on Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina)

A PCR-Based Method for the Rapid Detection ofChondrostereum purpureumin Apple

Endophytic Microorganisms Associated with Reversion of Silverleaf Disease Symptoms in Apple

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