First Report on Multidrug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in Children Admitted to Tertiary Hospitals in Vietnam

Abstract

The extensive distribution of multidrug-resistant (MDR) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a threat to healthcare worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the MDR and molecular patterns of MRSA isolates in children admitted to the two biggest tertiary care pediatric hospitals in northern and southern Vietnam. A total of 168 MRSA strains were collected to determine antibiotic susceptibility by minimum inhibitory concentration tests. Antibiotic-resistant genes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, and multilocus sequence typing were used for the molecular characterization of MRSA. Among the total strains, the MDR rate (51.8%) was significantly higher in the northern hospital than in the southern hospital (73% vs. 39%, p < 0.0001). The MDR-MRSA with the highest rates were "ciprofloxacin-erythromycin-gentamicintetracyclines" (35.6%), followed by "erythromycin-tetracycline-chloramphenicol" (24.1%), and "ciprofloxacin-erythromycin-gentamicin" (19.5%), showing an accumulative total of 79.3%. The most susceptible antibiotics were rifampicin (100%) and vancomycin (100%), followed by doxycycline (94.0%), meropenem (78.0%), and cefotaxime (75.0%). The SCCmecII strains showed greater resistance to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, meropenem and cephalosporins compared with the other strains. The SCCmecII strains exhibited the highest rate in the tested genes (aacA/aphD: 55.2%, ermA/B/C: 89.7%, and tetK/M: 82.8%). ST5-SCCmecII was the predominant clone in the northern hospital, whereas SCCmecIVa was more pronounced in the southern hospital. In conclusion, our results raised concerns about the predominant MDR-MRSA strains in the pediatric hospitals in Vietnam. The north-south difference in the antibiotic resistance patterns and genetic structure of MRSA suggests different MRSA origins and various uses of antimicrobial agents between the two regions.

Novel Derivatives of 4-Methyl-1,2,3-Thiadiazole-5-Carboxylic Acid Hydrazide: Synthesis, Lipophilicity, and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Screening

“…Condensation reaction of 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxylic acid hydrazide (1) with appropriate aldehydes allowed us to obtain a series of new hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). The reaction efficiency was in the range of 57-98%, what can be considered as satisfactory.…”

“…In this research, we designed, synthesized, and analyzed 15 novel hydrazidehydrazones (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16) and evaluated them for their in vitro antimicrobial potential and lipophilicity.…”

“…The Procedure of the Synthesis 4-Methyl-1,2,3-Thiadiazole-5-Carbohydrazide Derivatives (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16).…”

“…Thanks to this, it was possible to reduce the mortality and the risk of postinfectious complications [2]. Unfortunately, as a result of the common use of penicillin, a strain of Staphylococcus aureus bacterium appeared, which produced the penicillinase enzyme, giving it resistance to penicillin [3]. In response to this fact, newer antibiotics were introduced as treatments.…”

“…These include multidrug-resistant pathogens (MDR), extended resistance pathogens (XDR), as well as pathogens resistant to all available antibacterial drugs (PDR) [6,7]. This group includes extremely virulent strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) [3,8,9]. This etiological agent is thought to be one of the most common causes of life-threatening infections in palliative care facilities and during inpatient treatment [10].…”