First step of non‐fish meal, non‐fish oil diet development for red seabream, (Pagrus major), with plant protein sources and microalgaeSchizochytriumsp

Abstract

Fish meal and fish oil are considered as the most nutritious and digestible ingredients for marine fish. The prices of both ingredients are higher than the other protein and lipid sources, such as soybean meal and corn gluten meal, and those have made downward trend of usage amount of fish meal and fish oil in aquaculture. The demand of those two ingredients has shown unbalanced conditions for the decades. According to the FAO, the disparity of supply and demand will continue to increase with the continuous worldwide growth of fish and livestock farming (FAO, 2016). Therefore, to lower the price of fish diet and to reduce the content of fish oil and fish meal in aquafeed, it is necessary to find out alternative sustainable dietary ingredients for aquaculture fish species.Plant protein sources were recommended by many authors and their cost seems cheaper and sustainable than fish meal. However, it is well-known that plant protein sources have issue with anti-nutritional factors and are lack of indispensable amino acid. It seems impossible Abstract A feeding experiment was conducted to develop non-fish meal and non-fish oil diet for red seabream by using plant protein source and Schizochytrium meal which is rich in 22:6n-3 (DHA). Three iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic experimental diets were prepared (CP 41.2% ± 0.4%, CL 16.4% ± 1%). Control diet contained both fish meal (40%) and fish oil (6%). In the second diet, fish meal was replaced by plant meals (soy protein concentrate, soybean meal, corn gluten meal) [FO]. In the third diet, fish meal and fish oil were replaced by algae meal (Schizochytrium sp. powder) and plant proteins [AO].Duplicated groups of juvenile red seabream (8.8 g ± 1.5) were fed the experimental diets for 12 weeks to near satiation. There was no statistical difference among treatment in specific growth rate. Feed conversion ratio of AO diet group was higher than that of control. In wet basis, whole body protein level was significantly higher in AO diet than FO group while lipid content was lower than control group. In fatty acid profile, AO group had significantly lower level, but significantly higher 18:3n-3 and DHA level than the other two diet fed fish.The results might suggest that further developments in microalgae diet offer a promising lipid source of n-3 PUFA as essential fatty acid on marine fish. And it showed possibility to develop non-fish meal and non-fish oil feed for marine aquaculture fish by using microalgae. K E Y W O R D Salgae, DHA, feed source, fish feed, oil, red sea bream

Partially replacing fish oil with microalgae ( Schizochytrium limacinum and Nannochloropsis oceanica ) in diets for rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) reared in saltwater with reference to growth performance, muscle fatty acid composition and liver ultrastructure

“…rivoliana (Kissinger et al, 2016), P . major (Seong et al, 2019) and P . olivaceus (Qiao et al, 2014).…”

“…The same results have been obtained with the use of S. limacinum in diets for S. salar (Kousoulaki et al, ,2015(Kousoulaki et al, , , 2020, . lanceolatus (Garcia-Ortega et al, 2016), S. rivoliana (Kissinger et al, 2016), P. major (Seong et al, 2019) and P. olivaceus (Qiao et al, 2014).…”

“…The n −3 HUFAs derived from these marine microalgae have been shown to be well accepted and nutritionally valuable feed ingredients for several species. Schizochytrium sp meal has been successfully included as a source of DHA in diets for olive flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ) (Qiao et al, 2014), longfin yellowtail ( Seriola rivoliana ) (Kissinger et al, 2016), red seabream ( Pagrus major ) (Seong et al, 2019), giant grouper ( Epinephelus lanceolatus ) (Garcia‐Ortega et al, 2016), tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) (Sarker et al, 2016) and channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) (Li et al, 2009), without negative effects on growth performance. The optimal level of incorporation of Schizochytrium sp in these fish species has not exceeded 50 g kg −1 .…”

Producing Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Review of Sustainable Sources and Future Trends for the EPA and DHA Market

“…For that reason, some studies suggest that the global warming could affect the production of DHA and consequently its availability for human consumption in the future [68]. Colombo et al [69] studied different scenarios for DHA availability in the next 100 years, taking in consideration the effect of global warming on DHA production by algae. The prediction model suggested that in the worst scenario only 4% of the global population could have access to recommended DHA intake.…”

Influence of dietary fatty acid composition on enzymatic activity and digestive histology in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

“…Fish meal made from waste of silver catfish (FM) tested in the feeding of juveniles, is considered as an alternative sustainable for this species (Rossato et al, 2018). Fish meal has an adequate percentage of fatty acids that is essential for early fish development (Sargent et al, 1999, Seong et al, 2019. According to Vizcaíno et al (2014) the rising costs of fish meal worldwide promote great research effort aimed to find alternative and renewable ingredients for aquafeeds.…”