Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) for Polymer Materials Ranking

Vahabi, Henri; Movahedifar, Elnaz; Kandola, Baljinder K.; Saeb, Mohammad Reza

doi:10.3390/polym15112422

Cited by 27 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Flame Retardancy Index ( FRI ) is a well-accepted dimensionless index by which polymer composites can be classified based on their flame retardancy performance on a semi-logarithmic scale, such that labels of Poor , Good , or Excellent are defined to be assigned to flame retardant composites having FRI values less than 10 0 , between 10 0 and 10 1 , or above 10 1 , respectively [ 105 ]. This index remained powerful and successful in classifying both flame-retardant thermoplastic [ 106 ] and thermoset [ 107 ] polymer composites.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire-Retardant Flexible Foamed Polyurethane (PU)-Based Composites: Armed and Charmed Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Particles

Kosmela,

Sałasińska,

Kowalkowska-Zedler

et al. 2024

Polymers

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Inadequate fire resistance of polymers raises questions about their advanced applications. Flexible polyurethane (PU) foams have myriad applications but inherently suffer from very high flammability. Because of the dependency of the ultimate properties (mechanical and damping performance) of PU foams on their cellular structure, reinforcement of PU with additives brings about further concerns. Though they are highly flammable and known for their environmental consequences, rubber wastes are desired from a circularity standpoint, which can also improve the mechanical properties of PU foams. In this work, melamine cyanurate (MC), melamine polyphosphate (MPP), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) are used as well-known flame retardants (FRs) to develop highly fire-retardant ground tire rubber (GTR) particles for flexible PU foams. Analysis of the burning behavior of the resulting PU/GTR composites revealed that the armed GTR particles endowed PU with reduced flammability expressed by over 30% increase in limiting oxygen index, 50% drop in peak heat release rate, as well as reduced smoke generation. The Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) was used to classify and label PU/GTR composites such that the amount of GTR was found to be more important than that of FR type. The wide range of FRI (0.94–7.56), taking Poor to Good performance labels, was indicative of the sensitivity of flame retardancy to the hybridization of FR with GTR components, a feature of practicality. The results are promising for fire protection requirements in buildings; however, the flammability reduction was achieved at the expense of mechanical and thermal insulation performance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire-Retardant Flexible Foamed Polyurethane (PU)-Based Composites: Armed and Charmed Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Particles

Kosmela,

Sałasińska,

Kowalkowska-Zedler

et al. 2024

Polymers

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“…Additionally, the flame retardancy index (FRI), developed by Vahabi et al, offers a method for quantifying the flame-retardant performance of thermoplastic composites [45,46]. Equation ( 3) can be employed to determine the FRI value of a given material.…”

Section: Combustion Behavior Of Whf/app/pbs Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Hyacinth Fiber as a Bio-Based Carbon Source for Intumescent Flame-Retardant Poly (Butylene Succinate) Composites

Suwanniroj,

Suppakarn

2023

Polymers

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In this study, flame-retardant poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) composites were developed utilizing a bio-based intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system. Water hyacinth fiber (WHF) was used as a bio-based carbon source, while ammonium polyphosphate (APP) served as both an acid source and a blowing agent. Effects of WHF:APP weight ratio and total IFR content on the thermal stability and flammability of WHF/APP/PBS composites were investigated. The results demonstrated that the 15WHF/30APP/PBS composite with a WHF to APP ratio of 1:2 and a total IFR content of 45 wt% had a maximum limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 28.8% and acquired good flame retardancy, with a UL-94 V-0 rating without polymer-melt dripping. Additionally, its peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) were, respectively, 53% and 42% lower than those of the neat PBS. Char residue analysis revealed that the optimal WHF:APP ratio and total IFR content promoted the formation of a high graphitized intumescent char with a continuous and dense structure. In comparison to the neat PBS, the tensile modulus of the 15WHF/30APP/PBS composite increased by 163%. Findings suggested the possibility of employing WHF, a natural fiber, as an alternative carbon source for intumescent flame-retardant PBS composites.

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Preparation of P/N/Si‐containing covalent organic framework‐based flame retardants and their application in epoxy resins

Liu,

Yu,

2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Balancing the enhancement of flame retardancy of epoxy resin while maintaining its mechanical capacities intact poses a significant challenge in the realm of flame‐retardant epoxy resins. To reach the above objectives, a COF‐based synergistic flame retardant with phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon (PA‐COF@MT) was synthesized using phytic acid (PA), montmorillonite (MT), and covalent organic framework (COF). When PA‐COF@MT was added at 4 wt%, EP/PA‐COF@MT exhibited a reduction of 42.1% in peak heat release rate (PHRR), 45.84% in total heat release (THR), and 59.8% in total smoke production (TSP) compared with the pure EP. LOI increased by 30.5% and UL‐94 tested to V‐0 grade. flame‐retardant index (FRI) value of 3.03, achieving a “good” rating. Fire growth indices and mean effective combustion heat were increased while mechanical properties also improved. These findings suggest that the flame retarding mechanism of PA‐COF@MT is mainly through vapor phase and condensed phase actions. The combined effects of phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon make the surface of carbon residue solid and dense, resulting in excellent heat insulation and smoke suppression effects. In simple terms, this study provides new insights into COF‐based flame retardants. Combining low‐cost and simple preparation methods, PA‐COF@MT has broad application prospects in flame‐retardant epoxy resin systems.

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Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) for Polymer Materials Ranking

Cited by 27 publications

References 34 publications

Fire-Retardant Flexible Foamed Polyurethane (PU)-Based Composites: Armed and Charmed Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Particles

Fire-Retardant Flexible Foamed Polyurethane (PU)-Based Composites: Armed and Charmed Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Particles

Water Hyacinth Fiber as a Bio-Based Carbon Source for Intumescent Flame-Retardant Poly (Butylene Succinate) Composites

Preparation of P/N/Si‐containing covalent organic framework‐based flame retardants and their application in epoxy resins

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