Flame retardant and dielectric properties of glass fibre reinforced nylon-66 filled with red phosphorous

Jou, Wern-Shiarng; Chen, K.N; Chao, D. Y.; Lin, Chi-Cheng; Yeh, Jen‐Taut

doi:10.1016/s0141-3910(01)00109-4

Cited by 56 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Use of brominated epoxy polymer together with antimony trioxide is found to impart dramatic improvements in LOI and UL94 for short glass fiber reinforced PA6 and PA66, given in Table 5. In presence of an effective flame retardant, glass fibers may have a positive contribution to flame retardancy due to increased strength of the char and reduced thermal decomposition rate via lowered thermal conductivity [2,29] . Halogens used in combination with antimony oxide [32] mainly have the gas phase action of flame retardancy.…”

Section: Crystallinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although RP itself is violently flammable, it acts in the condensed phase promoting the formation of a char like residue by accelerated dehydration [7] . Additionally, it is known that RP first decomposes into oligomers and then reacts with polyamide degradation products to form various stable phosphoric acids covering the sample surface [2] . The strong and dense charred fiber residue displayed in Figure 6(d) protects the underlying polymer from heat transfer and oxygen diffusion, and slows down the rate of evolution of gaseous fuels.…”

Section: Crystallinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PA6 and PA66 are easily ignitable and they continue to burn after ignition. For instance, unfilled and unreinforced PA6 and PA66 have a UL94 rating of V-2 and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) between 20-25% [1,2] . Dripping is another problem regarding the combustion of polyamides during which the reduced melt viscosity causes the material to flow downwards increasing the exposed surface area and leading to increased flame spread.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Casu et al [3] investigated the flame-retardant mechanism of melamine cyanurate (MCA) on PA6=PA66 copolymer, concluding that the condensed phase action of MCA increases LOI whereas it decreases time to ignition and heat release rate in the early moments of combustion. Addition of red phosphorus (RP) to a glass fiber reinforced PA66 was studied, and it was shown that 4-6 wt% RP is sufficient to achieve UL94 V-0 ratings for 23% and 33% glass fiber containing PA66; noting that the material containing higher amount of glass fiber possesses better flame retardancy in terms of LOI [2] . It was previously shown that PA6 containing the synergistic decabromodiphenyloxide=antimony-trioxide flame retardant at a level of 15=5 wt% possesses a UL-94 V-0 rating [4] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers continually investigate the mechanical properties of short fiber composites based on flame retarded polyamides [2,8] . Moreover, recent original publications [9,10] indicate the importance of interfacial interactions on the behaviour of glass fiber reinforced and flame-retarded polyamides.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interfacial Interactions and Flammability of Flame-Retarded and Short Fiber-Reinforced Polyamides

Gunduz

Isitman

Aykol

et al. 2009

Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering

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Interfacial properties, crystallinity and flammability of short fiber reinforced and flame retarded polyamide 6 and polyamide 66 compounds are investigated, emphasizing the influence of flame retardant fillers on the resistance of fiber/matrix interface to shear. Interfacial shear strengths are derived through a micromechanical approach by determining the tensile properties and residual fiber length distributions. Validated by fracture morphologies, interfacial strengths are found to be governed by filler -induced apparent crystallinities and fractional occurrence of polyamide polymorphs, obtained via peak deconvolution of X-Ray diffraction patterns. Although flame retardant additives based on Br/Sb synergism are found to impart excellent flammability reductions regarding oxygen index and UL94 classifications (V-0 rating), degree of crystallinity; thus, interfacial properties are deteriorated due to lowered thermal expansion and increased cooling rates. Red phosphorus as a flame retardant also induces a UL94 V-0 and significant reduction in flammability together with the facts that crystallinity is not altered and a strong fiber/matrix interface is maintained. Use of melamine cyanurate in an unreinforced polyamide improves the limiting oxygen index considerably; however, the UL94 rating remains unchanged as V-2 as a consequence of increased level of melt dripping. Melamine cyanurate additionally increases the degree of crystallinity through promotion of heterogeneous nucleation.

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Section: Crystallinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Crystallinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interfacial Interactions and Flammability of Flame-Retarded and Short Fiber-Reinforced Polyamides

Gunduz

Isitman

Aykol

et al. 2009

Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering

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Flammability of Polymer Composites

Bellucci

Camino

2012

Wiley Encyclopedia of Composites

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The most pressing requirements in the present and future predictable scenarios for materials and technologies, concern energy saving, natural resources preservation, and minimization of environmental impact. Composite polymer materials can play a major role in energy saving in the transport sector which is of primary strategic importance for industrial, commercial, and leisure activities. However, one of the main concerns in using polymer composites is their flammability. In order to harvest all the remarkable economic and environmental savings connected with the use of the advanced polymer composites already available or under development, the flammability issue has to be addressed properly. Flame retardants are intended to slow down or to stop the polymer combustion process. This article intends to give a wide overview of polymer flammability, from the fire‐retardant action to the latest strategies developed to meet the fire regulation requirements.

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Synergistic effect of melamine polyphosphate with macromolecular charring agent novolac in wollastonite filled PA66

Zhang

Liu

Wang

2009

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this article, macromolecular charring agent linear novolac (NA) was served as a synergist with nitrogen-phosphorous flame retardant melamine polyphosphate (MPP) for the flame-resistance of wollastonite (WT) filled polyamide 66 (PA66). The investigations showed that MPP/NA system possessed obvious synergistic effects by increasing the charring rate and amount, therefore, showing much higher flame retardancy than the filled PA66 flame retarded with MPP alone. The corresponding char layer structure of MPP/WT/PA66 and MPP/NA/WT/PA66 was investigated and their difference was analyzed. In addition, as a multifunctional additive, NA could act as a compatibilizer and lubricant in the system, and endowed the material with improved mechanical performance and processability.

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Flame retardant and dielectric properties of glass fibre reinforced nylon-66 filled with red phosphorous

Cited by 56 publications

References 7 publications

Interfacial Interactions and Flammability of Flame-Retarded and Short Fiber-Reinforced Polyamides

Interfacial Interactions and Flammability of Flame-Retarded and Short Fiber-Reinforced Polyamides

Flammability of Polymer Composites

Synergistic effect of melamine polyphosphate with macromolecular charring agent novolac in wollastonite filled PA66

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