Flame-retardant effect and mechanism of melamine phosphate on silicone thermoplastic elastomer

Xu, Dawei; Lu, Hongchao; Huang, Qiang; Deng, Bofu; Li, Li

doi:10.1039/c7ra12865g

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Melamine had among the fewest red indicators, having only four, in addition to one orange, five yellow, and the highest number of green indicators (10). Melamine is often used together with OPFRs, , but has also been reported to have good flame retardancy itself. , PBDPP (four red, three orange, five yellow, and eight green indicators) appeared to be the best OPFR as well as the second best choice among all studied chemicals. The BFRs that appear as best alternatives are BEH-TEBP (five red, three orange, five yellow, and seven green indicators) and BPA-BDPP (five red, four orange, four yellow, and seven green indicators).…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Combining in Silico Tools with Multicriteria Analysis for Alternatives Assessment of Hazardous Chemicals: A Case Study of Decabromodiphenyl Ether Alternatives

Zheng

Peters

Arp

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Alternatives assessment is applied for minimizing the risk of unintentionally replacing a hazardous chemical with another hazardous chemical. Central challenges are the diversity of properties to consider and the lack of high-quality experimental data. To address this, a novel alternatives assessment procedure was developed based on in silico data and multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods. As a case study, 16 alternatives to the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether were considered. The hazard properties included persistence (P), bioaccumulation potential (B), toxicities (T), and mobility in water (M). Databases were consulted and 2866 experimental data points were collected for the target chemicals; however, these were mostly replicate data points for some hazard criteria for a subset of alternatives. Therefore, in silico data and three MCDA strategies were tested including heat mapping, multiattribute utility theory (MAUT), and Elimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité(ELECTRE III). The heat map clearly showed that none of the target chemicals are hazard-free, whereas MAUT and ELECTRE III agreed on ranking the "least worst" choices. This study identified several challenges and the complexity in the alternatives assessment processes motivating more case studies combining in silico and MCDA approaches.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Combining in Silico Tools with Multicriteria Analysis for Alternatives Assessment of Hazardous Chemicals: A Case Study of Decabromodiphenyl Ether Alternatives

Zheng

Peters

Arp

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The compatibilizer improved the adhesion between the PLA and TPU phases, which was attributed to the fact that the anhydride ring of PP- g -MAH was opened and two carboxylic acid groups were formed by the action of the melt blending; one carboxylic acid group was esterified with the terminal hydroxyl group of PLA and the other carboxylic acid group was esterified with the end hydroxyl group of PLA. The other carboxylic acid group is attached to the carbamate in TPU to form a branched structure, forming a network structure in situ at the interface [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. As can be observed in Figure 2 d,e, the fracture surface becomes rough and ridged, and there is significant delamination in the direction of the fracture, showing a folded, ductile fracture feature [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Compatibility and Flame Retardancy of TPU/PLA Composites

Hang¹,

Feng

et al. 2022

Materials

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In order to apply the rigid biodegradable PLA material for flexible toothbrush bristle products, in this paper, Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) blends (TPU/PLA composites), with a mass ratio of 80:20, were prepared by the melt-blending method to achieve toughening modification. Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance were used to investigate the effect of the compatibilizer, Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH), on the compatibility of the blends, and the effect of melamine on the flame retardant properties of the blends was further investigated. The results demonstrated that 3% PP-g-MAH had the best compatibility effect on PLA and TPU; the TPU/PLA composites have a better macromolecular motility and higher crystallization capacity in the amorphous regions through the physical and chemical action by using PP-g-MAH as a compatibilizer. By adding melamine as a flame retardant, the scorch wire ignition temperature of TPU/PLA composites can reach 830 °C, which was elevated by 80 °C compared with pure PLA; however, the flame retardant effect of melamine in a single system was not significant. Melamine acts as a flame retardant by absorbing heat through decomposition and diluting the combustible material by producing an inert gas.

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“…As presented in Figure 4(a), it can be observed that the addition of NSH in SR composite leads to relatively low tensile strength. This may be due to the excessive water released by NSH filler decomposition cause the local vulcanization of silicone rubber, on the other hand, the large size of NSH particles can appear aggregation, resulting in the worse dispersion of NSH in silicone rubber matrix, thus the decrease of the tensile strength 27 . When the addition of EG for the SR composite, the tensile strength somewhat decreases compared to the other composites, resulting from the large average particle size of EG which weakens the interaction and leads to the stress concentration.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on char reinforcing of different inorganic fillers for expandable fire resistance silicone rubber

Hong

2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Sodium silicate monohydrate (NSH), glass frits (GF) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) were incorporated into room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber (SR) as char reinforcing materials to improve the fire resistance of intumescent flame retardant silicone rubber. SR composites containing only intumescent flame retardant such as phosphorus nitrogen composite flame retardant (NH2‐C) and expandable graphite (EG) were used as comparison samples. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, vertical burning test (UL‐94), flame resistance test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy tests, as well as volume variation and compression strength of char residues were used to discuss the effects of the above‐mentioned fillers on the fire resistance, char residue strength and char integrity of SR composites. The results showed that SR composite filled with only intumescent flame retardants EG and NH2‐C had excellent flame retardancy. After adding ATH, the char residue was relatively dense and had good compressive strength, but its thermal insulation performance was reduced. GF or NSH reduced the flame retardancy of SR composites, but it obviously played a role in binding combustion residues, forming new crystals and improving the stability of char residues.

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Flame-retardant effect and mechanism of melamine phosphate on silicone thermoplastic elastomer

Abstract: Halogen-free flame retardant – MP was successfully adopted to improve the comprehensive properties of the novel Si-TPE.

Cited by 27 publications

References 26 publications

Combining in Silico Tools with Multicriteria Analysis for Alternatives Assessment of Hazardous Chemicals: A Case Study of Decabromodiphenyl Ether Alternatives

Combining in Silico Tools with Multicriteria Analysis for Alternatives Assessment of Hazardous Chemicals: A Case Study of Decabromodiphenyl Ether Alternatives

Study of Compatibility and Flame Retardancy of TPU/PLA Composites

Study on char reinforcing of different inorganic fillers for expandable fire resistance silicone rubber

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