Flame retardant exposure assessment: findings from a behavioral intervention study

Gibson, Elizabeth A.; Stapleton, Heather M.; Calero, Lehyla; Holmes, Darrell; Burke, Kimberly; Martinez, Rodney; Cortes, Boris; Nematollahi, Amy; Evans, David; Herbstman, Julie B.

doi:10.1038/s41370-018-0049-6

Cited by 29 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Limited experimental studies suggest that select OPEs are quickly metabolized and excreted in urine with half-lives of several hours ( Burka et al 1991 ; Carignan et al 2016 ; Lynn et al 1981 ; Nomeir et al 1981 ). Studies examining temporal variability of OPE urinary biomarkers ( Supplemental Material , Table S8), including DPHP, BCDPP, and BCEP have generally reported moderate to strong intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC = 0.50–0.81) among pregnant women and non-pregnant adults in repeated urine samples collected within about 1 week up to 12 months ( Cequier et al 2015 ; Gibson et al 2018 ; Hoffman et al 2015 , 2014 ; Meeker et al 2013 ; Romano et al 2017 ). However, some studies have reported poor agreement across multiple urine measurements for some OPE bio-markers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between urinary organophosphate ester metabolites and measures of adiposity among U.S. children and adults: NHANES 2013–2014

Boyle

Buckley

Quirós-Alcalá

2019

Environment International

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Background: Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are synthetic chemicals found in many consumer products, including furniture, electronics, processed foods, and building materials. Emerging in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that OPEs are metabolism disrupting compounds; however, epidemiologic studies investigating their associations with adiposity markers are sparse. Objective: We examined cross-sectional associations between OPE biomarkers and adiposity measures among U.S. children and adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES: 2013–2014). Methods: Concentrations of five OPE metabolites were quantified in urine: diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), dibutyl phosphate (DBUP), and bis (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCPP). We conducted covariate-adjusted logistic and linear regressions to examine associations between log 2 -transformed and dichotomized OPE metabolite concentrations and obesity, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC), separately among 784 children (6–19 years) and 1672 adults (≥20 years). We also assessed heterogeneity of associations by sex. Results: DBUP concentrations were inversely associated with the prevalence odds of being obese vs. normal weight in children (adjusted Prevalence Odds Ratio, aPOR: 0.82, 95% Confidence Interval, 95% CI: 0.70, 0.95) and adults (aPOR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.96). DBUP was also significantly associated with lower BMI z-scores (β:−0.08, 95% CI:−0.17, 0.01) and WC (β:−0.71, 95% CI: −1.49, 0.07) in children. BCEP concentrations were associated with increased prevalence odds of being overweight vs. normal weight (aPOR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.32) among children; similar, albeit not statistically significant, relationships were observed with other child adiposity outcomes. Among adults, detectable BCPP concentrations were associated with increased prevalence odds of being obese vs. normal weight (aPOR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.38) and having a high vs. normal WC (aPOR:1.51, 95% CI: 1.11, 2.07) as well as higher BMI (β: 1.31, 95% CI: 0.30, 2.33). Other OPE metabolites were not consistently associated with adiposity measures among adults. Although associations of BCPP exposure with adiposity outcomes were generally inverse among boys, but not girls, we did not observe consistent evidence of sexually-dimorphic associations for other OPE metabolites. Conclusions: Exposure to select OPEs may be differentially associated with body size among children and adults. Given the cross-sectional design of the present study, future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between urinary organophosphate ester metabolites and measures of adiposity among U.S. children and adults: NHANES 2013–2014

Boyle

Buckley

Quirós-Alcalá

2019

Environment International

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“…While this analysis evaluated differences between maternal and child flame retardant exposure, it is important to remember that these observations were made within the context of a behavioral intervention study designed to reduce exposure (Gibson et al, 2018). Because our assessment of differences between OPE levels in mothers and children was conducted on baseline measurements, the intervention's effectiveness cannot affect our interpretation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We selected 32 mother and child dyads from a previously established cohort to participate in a study to assess flame retardant levels at three time points (Cowell et al, 2017) within a behavioral intervention trial (Gibson et al, 2018). Families were selected from the Sibling-Hermanos cohort (N = 125), which began in 2008, consisting of Dominican and African-American mothers and children from Northern Manhattan and the South Bronx.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential exposure to organophosphate flame retardants in mother-child pairs

et al. 2019

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Background: Humans are ubiquitously exposed to flame retardants, including organophosphate esters (OPEs), through direct contact with consumer products or exposure through household dust.Children are at increased risk because of their proximity to dust, hand-to-mouth activity, and the importance of childhood as a critical period in neurodevelopment.Objectives: To quantify differences in exposure levels between mothers and children (three to six years of age), we analyzed urinary metabolites of OPEs. We additionally assessed the ability of silicone wristbands (measuring ambient exposure) to predict urinary metabolite concentrations. Methods: We selected 32 mother and child dyads from an existing cohort. Participants provided baseline urine samples and wore wristbands for one week. After the first week, they returned their wristbands and provided a second urine sample. During the second week, participants wore a second wristband that they returned at the end of week two with a third and final urine sample. Results:We found significantly higher levels of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) (p < 0.001) and lower levels of bis(1-chloro-2-isopropyl) I-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP) (p < 0.001) in children's urine samples compared to mothers' samples at baseline. We found that triphenylphosphate (TPHP), tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) measured in wristbands predicted their respective metabolite levels in urine.

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“…Flame retardants (FRs) are anthropogenic chemicals or mixtures of chemicals widely used in commercial and consumer products such as building materials, automobiles, plastics, textiles, furniture, mobile phones, and toys since the 1960s to reduce the flammability and risk of fire [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. The production and use of FRs are steadily increasing globally; in 2008, global production and use were 1.95 million tons, which increased to 2.62 million tons in 2014 [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardants-Mediated Interferon Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Negi

Khan

Dirven

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing concern worldwide, affecting 25% of the global population. NAFLD is a multifactorial disease with a broad spectrum of pathology includes steatosis, which gradually progresses to a more severe condition such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually leads to hepatic cancer. Several risk factors, including exposure to environmental toxicants, are involved in the development and progression of NAFLD. Environmental factors may promote the development and progression of NAFLD by various biological alterations, including mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species production, nuclear receptors dysregulation, and interference in inflammatory and immune-mediated signaling. Moreover, environmental contaminants can influence immune responses by impairing the immune system’s components and, ultimately, disease susceptibility. Flame retardants (FRs) are anthropogenic chemicals or mixtures that are being used to inhibit or delay the spread of fire. FRs have been employed in several household and outdoor products; therefore, human exposure is unavoidable. In this review, we summarized the potential mechanisms of FRs-associated immune and inflammatory signaling and their possible contribution to the development and progression of NAFLD, with an emphasis on FRs-mediated interferon signaling. Knowledge gaps are identified, and emerging pharmacotherapeutic molecules targeting the immune and inflammatory signaling for NAFLD are also discussed.

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Flame retardant exposure assessment: findings from a behavioral intervention study

Abstract: Exposure to individual flame retardants was reduced by about half, in some cases, by 1 week of increased hand washing, house cleaning to reduce dust, or combined activities.

Cited by 29 publications

References 43 publications

Associations between urinary organophosphate ester metabolites and measures of adiposity among U.S. children and adults: NHANES 2013–2014

Associations between urinary organophosphate ester metabolites and measures of adiposity among U.S. children and adults: NHANES 2013–2014

Differential exposure to organophosphate flame retardants in mother-child pairs

Flame Retardants-Mediated Interferon Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

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