Flame retardants for epoxy resins: Application‐related challenges and solutions

Kandola, Baljinder K.; Magnoni, Federico; Ebdon, John R.

doi:10.1002/vnl.21890

Cited by 72 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 218 publications

(237 reference statements)

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“…The cone calorimetry (CONE) test was used to evaluate the combustion behavior of polymeric materials when exposed to fire. [31][32][33] The fire retardancy of pure EP, EP/25 wt% MFAPP/MEL, and EP/25 wt% MFAPP/MEL/ OMMT were investigated by CONE tests and the data is summarized in Table 3.…”

Section: Combustion Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a composite flame retardant system on the flame retardancy and mechanical performance of epoxy resin adhesive

Wang

Chen

et al. 2022

Vinyl Additive Technology

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A flame‐retarded epoxy resin (ER) adhesive with strong flame retardancy and adhesion performance was prepared. The coated ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP), melamine (MEL), and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) were mixed to prepare a composite flame retardant. It was subsequently blended with a toughened ER thoroughly and then the mixture was cured with polyamide. The resultant ER adhesive thermosets achieved UL‐94 V‐0 rating during vertical burning test, and the limiting oxygen index value was as high as 31.6%. The shear strength of the ER adhesive was 27.9 MPa when 25 wt% MFAPP/MEL/OMMT was introduced. Compared with the pure adhesive, the flame retardant epoxy adhesive maintained outstanding adhesion performance because of the good compatibility between the composite flame retardant additives and the toughened ER adhesive. Cone calorimetry tests indicated that the release of heat and smoke were obviously declined with the incorporation of the composite flame retardant system in comparison to pure ER adhesive thermoset. The investigation of flame retardant mechanism revealed that the composite MFAPP/MEL/OMMT flame retardant system stimulated the generation of highly expanded, integral, and strong char layer and the formed char layer exerted superior insulation effect during combusiton. The present work provided an alternative approach to prepare flame retardant ER adhesive with the similar excellent adhesive performance.

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Section: Combustion Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a composite flame retardant system on the flame retardancy and mechanical performance of epoxy resin adhesive

Wang

Chen

et al. 2022

Vinyl Additive Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Epoxy resin is an organic macromolecule that can be inter- and intramolecularly crosslinked to form a three-dimensional (3D) polymer network, making it the most adaptable type of thermoset polymer [ 194 ]. Generally, epoxy resin is used in a wide range of applications, ranging from general use to high-performing materials, such as adhesives and protective and decorative coatings [ 195 ], owing to their high versatility from a chemical and processing standpoint and ability to be tailored for particular required properties [ 196 , 197 ]. In fact, epoxy resin can be used for various types of materials, such as fabric, wood, glass, and metal in many household goods and structural, electronic and construction applications.…”

Section: Flame Retardant Coating Formulations and Designs: The Implem...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers

et al. 2022

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This review provides an intensive overview of flame retardant coating systems. The occurrence of flame due to thermal degradation of the polymer substrate as a result of overheating is one of the major concerns. Hence, coating is the best solution to this problem as it prevents the substrate from igniting the flame. In this review, the descriptions of several classifications of coating and their relation to thermal degradation and flammability were discussed. The details of flame retardants and flame retardant coatings in terms of principles, types, mechanisms, and properties were explained as well. This overview imparted the importance of intumescent flame retardant coatings in preventing the spread of flame via the formation of a multicellular charred layer. Thus, the intended intumescence can reduce the risk of flame from inherently flammable materials used to maintain a high standard of living.

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“…Many efforts have tried to overcome the shortcomings of APP with modification methods. At present, modifications of APP mainly include surfactant modification [7,21], coupling modification [22,23], microencapsulation [24] and melamine modification [25]. Among them, microencapsulation has attracted extensive attention in the field of flame-retarded materials because of its controllable effect, strong variability and excellent compatibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile Construction of Polypyrrole Microencapsulated Melamine-Coated Ammonium Polyphosphate to Simultaneously Reduce Flammability and Smoke Release of Epoxy Resin

et al. 2022

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A unique mono-component intumescent flame retardant, named PPy-MAPP, of which melamine-coated ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) was microencapsulated by polypyrrole (PPy), was synthesized and carefully characterized. The obtained PPy-MAPP was applied to epoxy resin (EP) for obtaining flame-retarded EP composites. The results show that PPy-MAPP imparts better flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties to EP compared to the same addition of MAPP. The EP composite with 15 wt% PPy-MAPP easily passes the UL94 V-0 rating and achieves an LOI value of 42.4%, accompanied by a 61.9% reduction in total heat release (THR) and a 73.9% reduction in total smoke production (TSP) when compared with pure EP. The char residue analysis shows that PPy-MAPP can promote a generation of more phosphorus-rich structures in the condensed phase that improve the integrity and intumescence of char against fire. The mechanical test indicates that PPy-MAPP has a less negative effect on the tensile strength and elastic modulus of epoxy resin due to the good compatibility between PPy-MAPP and the EP matrix, as supported by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. In this paper, these attractive features of PPy-MAPP provide a new strategy to prepare satisfactory flame retardant and super flame retarding EP composites.

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Flame retardants for epoxy resins: Application‐related challenges and solutions

Cited by 72 publications

References 218 publications

Effects of a composite flame retardant system on the flame retardancy and mechanical performance of epoxy resin adhesive

Effects of a composite flame retardant system on the flame retardancy and mechanical performance of epoxy resin adhesive

Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers

Facile Construction of Polypyrrole Microencapsulated Melamine-Coated Ammonium Polyphosphate to Simultaneously Reduce Flammability and Smoke Release of Epoxy Resin

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