Flame spread on aviation fuels

White, Derek; Beyler, Craig L.; Fulper, Carl; Leonard, J. T.

doi:10.1016/s0379-7112(96)00070-7

Cited by 92 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, it deviated significantly from the experimental measurements for multiple organic-water solutions [16]. Overall, application of the former models [3,10,11,15] is limited to solutions that can be assumed as ideal within the composition range considered. The new models taking into account non-ideality of the solution through liquid phase activity coefficients have to be used to predict efficiently the flash point of these miscible mixtures [4,5,9,12,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Previously, Affens and McLaren [10] (1972) have developed a predictive model to determine the flash points of binary hydrocarbon mixtures based on Raoult's law. White et al, [11] (1997) have reduced this model to a simpler equation by ignoring any dependence of the lower flammable limit on temperature. A model for predicting the flash point of multi-component mixtures of only flammable compounds was also proposed [12] and verified using experimental data for ternary solutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flash-point prediction for binary partially miscible mixtures of flammable solvents

Liaw

Gerbaud

et al. 2008

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Flash point is the most important variable used to characterize fire and explosion hazard of liquids. Herein, partially miscible mixtures are presented within the context of liquid-liquid extraction processes. This paper describes development of a model for predicting the flash point of binary partially miscible mixtures of flammable solvents.To confirm the predictive efficacy of the derived flash points, the model was verified by comparing the predicted values with the experimental data for the studied mixtures: methanol + octane; methanol + decane; acetone + decane; methanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane; and, ethanol + tetradecane. Our results reveal that immiscibility in the two liquid phases should not be ignored in the prediction of flash point. Overall, the predictive results of this proposed model describe the experimental data well. Based on this evidence, therefore, it appears reasonable to suggest potential application for our model in assessment of fire and explosion hazards, and development of inherently safer designs for chemical processes containing binary partially miscible mixtures of flammable solvents.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flash-point prediction for binary partially miscible mixtures of flammable solvents

Liaw

Gerbaud

et al. 2008

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…There is not sufficient data to determine whether the difference in the average spill depth is meaningful with respect to fire growth. However, the depth is small compared to minimum required depths for flame spread reported in the literature (1.5 mm) [14]. The fact that the fires of Tests 10 and 11 did not burn to completion indicates that localized spill depth and surface features influence the growth of the fire.…”

Section: Fixed Quantity Fuel Spill Fire Testmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…The 10 MW fire was modeled as a linear ramp from 0.1 MW to 10 MW over the first 52 seconds and then constant at 10 MW. The growth period of 52 seconds was calculated based on a flame spread rate of 0.1 m/s [ 14] and a burning rate of 0.011 kg/m 2 s (Figure 33) which corresponds to a heat release rate per unit area of 475 kW/m 2 . Tables 23 and 24 provide times to critical temperatures for varying exposure fires and distance from the fire.…”

Section: Hazard Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Fire Detection (OFD) for Military Aircraft Hangars: Final Report on OFD Performance to Fuel Spill Fires and Optical Stresses

Gottuk¹,

Scheffey²,

Williams³

et al. 2000

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave BlanK) ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)Tests were conducted to evaluate the level of performance of commercially available optical fire detectors for use in Navy aircraft hangars. Detectors were evaluated based on response to fuel spill fires and to optical stresses (i.e., potential false alarm sources). The results of the fire detection evaluation have been combined with false alarm immunity criteria into a new optical detector performance specification for Navy aircraft hangars.14. SUBJECT TERMS The Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) has conducted research efforts aimed at improving the design of fire protection systems in military aircraft hangars. The current hangar design strategy is to use low-level (under-wing) AFFF systems activated by optical fire detectors or manual pull stations. Existing Navy requirements limit low-level optical detection to combination ultraviolet and infrared (UV/IR) flame detectors. Since the origination of this requirement, optical fire detection technology has changed significantly and new optical detector designs (e.g., using triple infrared sensors) are on the market. In light of the changes occurring in the field of optical flame detection and the Navy's experience with false alarms with installed detection systems, there was a need to assess optical fire detector performance in military aircraft hangar applications.The objective of this test program was to evaluate the level of performance of commercially available optical fire detection (OFD) technologies for growing JP-5 and JP-8 spill fires, representative of expected incidents in Navy hangars. The same detectors were also evaluated for their resistance to false alarm sources. The results of these experimental evaluations were combined with a fire threat analysis to develop OFD performance criteria.A full-scale fire test program was used to evaluate the performance of OFDs representing the different available technologies. The primary objective of this task was to determine the response of optical detectors (provided by participating manufacturers) to a growing spill fire on concrete at a range of distances corresponding to the maximum fire-todetector spacings in Navy hangars (30.5 to 45.8 m (100 to 150 ft)). Both JP-8 and JP-5 fuel fires were studied. Several gasoline pan fire tests ...

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“…은 라울의 법칙을 이용하여 가솔린과 디젤 등의 액체 혼합물의 인화점을 계산하는 방법을 제안하였 으며, White 등 (6) 은 Affens 모델의 복잡성을 단순화시킨 계산 방법을 제시하였다. Hanley (7) 는 순수 물질의 연소열과 혼합물의 Low Flammability Limit (LFL)에 의해 액체 혼합물의 인화점 을 계산하는 방법을 제시하였다.…”

Section: 산업체와 대학연구소에서 취급하는 가연성 액체의 종류 는 매우 많다 이들의 인화점을 모두 측정하는 것은 너무unclassified

Calculation and Measurement of Flash Point for n-Decane + n-Octanol and Acetic Acid + n-Butanol Using a Tag-Open-Cup Apparatus

Ha¹,

Lee²

2015

Fire Science and Engineering

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요 약인화점은 액체 용액의 폭발과 화재의 위험성을 특징짓는 가장 중요한 성질 중 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 두개의 가연성 이성분계 혼합물인 n-decane + n-octanol계 및 acetic acid + n-butanol계의 인화점을 Tag 개방식 장치를 활용하여 측정하 였다. 인화점은 그룹기여모델인 UNIFAC 식과, 최적화기법에 의해 계산되었다. 그리고 측정값과 비교하였다. 두 방법 모 두 측정값을 잘 모사하였다. ABSTRACTThe flash point is one of the most important properties for characterizing the fire and explosion hazard of liquid solutions. In this study, a Tag open-cup apparatus was used to measure the flash points of two flammable binary mixtures, ndecane + n-octanol and acetic acid + n-butanol. The flash point temperature was estimated using the UNIFAC (Universal Functional Activity Coefficient) group contribution model and optimization method. The experimentally derived flash point was also compared with the predicted flash point. The two methods can estimate the flash point fairly well for the ndecane + n-octanol and acetic acid + n-butanol systems.

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Flame spread on aviation fuels

Cited by 92 publications

References 16 publications

Flash-point prediction for binary partially miscible mixtures of flammable solvents

Flash-point prediction for binary partially miscible mixtures of flammable solvents

Optical Fire Detection (OFD) for Military Aircraft Hangars: Final Report on OFD Performance to Fuel Spill Fires and Optical Stresses

Calculation and Measurement of Flash Point for n-Decane + n-Octanol and Acetic Acid + n-Butanol Using a Tag-Open-Cup Apparatus

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