Flat Taxes and Effective Tax Planning

Calegari, Michael

doi:10.1086/ntj41789363

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 11 publications

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“…The resultant effects are tax payments that are lower than the statutory tax rates. Consistent with the finding in this study, Calegari (1998) reported that income deferral opportunities or tax-exempt incomes are incentives for organizations to engage in tax avoidance.…”

Section: Results and Analysissupporting

confidence: 89%

Tax avoidance in banking institutions: an analysis of the top seven Nigerian banks

Folorunso

Lokanan

2022

JFC

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the quantum and magnitude of tax avoidance in Nigeria's top seven banks by using recognized tax avoidance proxies of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) effective tax rate (ETR) and book-tax gap analysis for the appraisal. Design/methodology/approach Data for the paper came from the annual reports of the banks between 2011 and 2019. The individual bank’s tax data was analyzed for trends and then consolidated to establish the average percentages and the exact amount of the tax the banks evaded each year and cumulatively over the review period. The data were then matched with analytics of the drivers of tax avoidance in the reconciliation statement to highlight essential tax planning items and strategies being exploited by each bank in the pursuit of aggressive tax avoidance behavior. Findings F-test comparing the aggregate means (all banks) for tax evasion proxies of ETR and the book-tax gap was conducted at a 95% confidence interval. The results of this paper indicate no significant difference between the means obtained, thus affirming that the same pattern of tax evasion was consistent among the banks for the years reviewed. Originality/value The findings of this paper highlight the tax avoidance behavior of the referenced banks, identify weaknesses in the corporate tax planning policy pursued and serve to alert policymakers of the need to strengthen the laws and block loopholes that provide rooms for unrestrained tax avoidance behavior in the banking sector.

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Section: Results and Analysissupporting

confidence: 89%

Tax avoidance in banking institutions: an analysis of the top seven Nigerian banks

Folorunso

Lokanan

2022

JFC

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The Role of Administrative Issues in Tax Reform: Simplicity, Compliance, and Administration

Gale¹,

Holtzblatt²

2002

United States Tax Reform in the 21st Century

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Zodrow for helpful comments. We thank Henry Aaron and Samara Potter for extraordinarily helpful comments on the penultimate draft of this paper. We also thank Jim Sly for research assistance. Views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the policies or positions of the Treasury Department or the staff, officers, or trustees of the Brookings Institution.

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Living With the Flat Tax

Feld¹

1995

National Tax Journal

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Flat Taxes and Effective Tax Planning

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Tax avoidance in banking institutions: an analysis of the top seven Nigerian banks

Tax avoidance in banking institutions: an analysis of the top seven Nigerian banks

The Role of Administrative Issues in Tax Reform: Simplicity, Compliance, and Administration

Living With the Flat Tax

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