Flatfoot Diagnosis by a Unique Bimodal Distribution of Footprint Index in Children

Chang, Chia Hsieh; Chen, Yu Chen; Yang, Wen Tien; Ho, Pei‐Chi; Hwang, Ai-Wen; Chen, Chien Hung; Chang, Jia Hao; Chang, Liang

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115808

Cited by 35 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It revealed that the sample size of 15 participants would be sufficient for the analysis. The static arch index for each participant was calculated as the foot width at the narrowest point divided by that at the widest point times 100% [ 8 , 24 ]. This is also called the Chippaux and Smirakarc index (CSI) developed by Chippaux and Smirakarch [ 25 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The arch support insoles show benefits to people with flatfoot on stance time, cadence, plantar pressure and contact area

et al. 2020

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Background Pes planus (flatfoot) is a common deformity characterized by the midfoot arch collapses during walking. As the midfoot is responsible for shock absorption, persons with flatfoot experience increased risk of injuries such as thumb valgus, tendinitis, plantar fasciitis, metatarsal pain, knee pain, lower-back pain with prolonged uphill, downhill, and level walking, depriving them of the physical and mental health benefits of walking as an exercise. Methods Fifteen female college students with flatfoot were recruited. A wireless plantar-pressure system was used to measure the stance time, cadence, plantar pressure, and contact area. Parameters were compared between wearing flat and arch-support insoles using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA with on an incline, decline, and level surface, respectively. The significance level α was set to 0.05. The effect size (ES) was calculated as a measure of the practical relevance of the significance using Cohen’s d . Results On the level surface, the stance time in the arch-support insole was significantly shorter than in the flat insole ( p <0.05; ES = 0.48). The peak pressure of the big toe in the arch-support insole was significantly greater than in the flat insole on the uphill ( p <0.05; ES = 0.53) and level surfaces ( p <0.05; ES = 0.71). The peak pressure of the metatarsals 2–4 and the contact area of the midfoot in the arch-support insole were significantly greater than in the flat insole on all surfaces (all p < 0.05). Conclusions These results imply that wearing an arch-support insole provides benefits in the shortened stance time and generation of propulsion force to the big toe while walking on uphill and level surfaces and to the metatarsals 2–4 while walking on the level surface. More evenly distributed contact areas across the midfoot may help absorb shock during uphill, downhill and level walking.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The arch support insoles show benefits to people with flatfoot on stance time, cadence, plantar pressure and contact area

et al. 2020

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“…(In a context of detection, a bimodal distribution may be preferable to one with just a single mode. See, for instance, [ 36 ] for a contrasting application to the explicit diagnosis of pes planus .)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Principal Components of Adult Female Insole Shape Align Closely with Two of Its Classic Indicators

Bookstein

Domjanić

2015

PLoS ONE

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The plantar surface of the human foot transmits the weight and dynamic force of the owner’s lower limbs to the ground and the reaction forces back to the musculoskeletal system. Its anatomical variation is intensely studied in such fields as sports medicine and orthopedic dysmorphology. Yet, strangely, the shape of the insole that accommodates this surface and elastically buffers these forces is neither an aspect of the conventional anthropometrics of feet nor an informative label on the packet that markets supplementary insoles. In this paper we pursue an earlier suggestion that insole form in vertical view be quantified in terms of the shape of the foot not at the plane of support (the “footprint”) but some two millimeters above that level. Using such sections extracted from laser scans of 158 feet of adult women from the University of Zagreb, in conjunction with an appropriate modification of today’s standard geometric morphometrics (GMM), we find that the sectioned form can be described by its size together with two meaningful relative warps of shape. The pattern of this shape variation is not novel. It is closely aligned with two of the standard footprint measurements, the Chippaux-Šmiřák arch index and the Clarke arch angle, whose geometrical foci (the former in the ball of the foot, the latter in the arch) it apparently combines. Thus a strong contemporary analysis complements but does not supplant the simpler anthropometric analyses of half a century ago, with implications for applied anthropology.

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“…Children with painful TCC and RFF (defined "Staheli Arch Index" > 1. 28 and rearfoot eversion > 10° [30,31]) were enrolled. Computed Tomography (CT) was performed to confirm the diagnosis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operative versus nonoperative treatment in children with painful rigid flatfoot and talocalcaneal coalition

Gennaro

Stallone

Olivotto

et al. 2020

BMC Musculoskelet Disord

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Background: The management of painful rigid flatfoot (RFF) with talocalcaneal coalition (TCC) is controversial. We aimed to compare operative and nonoperative treatment in children with RFF and TCC. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records and radiographs of children with RFF and TTC treated between 2005 and 2015. The nonoperative treatment consisted of manipulation under anesthesia, cast immobilization and shoe insert after cast removal. The operative treatment consisted of combined TCC resection, graft interposition and subtalar arthroereisis. Results: Thirty-four children (47 ft) in the nonoperative group and twenty-one children (34 ft) in the operative group were included. No differences were found between groups, concerning baseline characteristics. The mean age at treatment was 11.8 years (9-17): 11.6 (9-17) for the nonoperative group, 12.2 (10-15) for the operative group. The mean follow-up averaged 6.6 (3-12) years and was significantly longer in the nonoperative group (7.8 versus 4.7 years; p < 0.0005), since the operative procedure was increasingly practiced in the latest years. There were no complications in either groups, but 6 patients (7 ft) in the nonoperative group were unsatisfied and required surgery. At the latest follow-up, the AOFAS-AHS improved in both groups, although the operative group showed significantly better improvement. The operative group reported also significantly better FADI score, after adjustment for follow-up and baseline variables. Conclusion: The operative treatment showed better results compared to the nonoperative treatment. Symptomatic RFF with TCC in children can be effectively treated in one step with resection, graft interposition and subtalar arthroereisis. Further prospective randomized studies are needed to confirm our findings and to identify the best operative strategy in this condition.

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Flatfoot Diagnosis by a Unique Bimodal Distribution of Footprint Index in Children

Cited by 35 publications

References 29 publications

The arch support insoles show benefits to people with flatfoot on stance time, cadence, plantar pressure and contact area

The arch support insoles show benefits to people with flatfoot on stance time, cadence, plantar pressure and contact area

The Principal Components of Adult Female Insole Shape Align Closely with Two of Its Classic Indicators

Operative versus nonoperative treatment in children with painful rigid flatfoot and talocalcaneal coalition

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