Flavones: From Biosynthesis to Health Benefits

Jiang, Nan; Doseff, Andrea I.; Grotewold, Erich

doi:10.3390/plants5020027

Cited by 256 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 192 publications

(248 reference statements)

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“…FNSII proteins are widely distributed among plants, and these enzyme activities were recently reported in monocots (Jiang et al, ; Martens & Mithöfer, ). Therefore, we first examined whether Zm CYP93G7 is able to convert flavanones into the respective flavones.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…3.2 | ZmCYP93G7 is a FNSII that converts flavanones to flavones FNSII proteins are widely distributed among plants, and these enzyme activities were recently reported in monocots (Jiang et al, 2016;Martens & Mithöfer, 2005). Therefore, we first examined whether…”

Section: Identification Of a Maize Fnsii Enzymementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flavones are one of the largest groups of flavonoids occurring in plant species. These metabolites have diverse functions in plants, protecting them during pathogen attack and under abiotic stress conditions (Du, Chu, Chu, & Lo, ; Du, Chu, Wang, Chu, & Lo, ; Jiang, Doseff, & Grotewold, ; Kong, Xu, Zhang, & Zhang, ; McNally, Wurms, Labbé, & Bélanger, ; Morimoto et al, ). Moreover, they are involved in the color of flowers by complex associations with other pigments such as anthocyanins, in symbiotic relationships with root nodulation bacteria in leguminous plants, and in lignification, where the flavone tricin acts as a nucleation site that initiates lignin polymer chains in monocots (Peters, Frost, & Long, ; Goto & Kondo, ; Fossen, Saleh Rayyan, & Holmberg, ; Lan et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, there are two types of FNS enzymes in plants. Whereas FNSII (cytochrome P450 hydroxylases) are widely distributed, FNSI (dioxygenases) seem to only be present in Apiaceae, rice, and maize (Martens, Forkmann, Matern, & Lukacin, 2001;Kim, Cheon, Kim, & Ahn, 2008;Falcone Ferreyra et al, 2015;Jiang et al, 2016). We have recently demonstrated that maize has a FNSI-type enzyme with homology to DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANCE 6 (DMR6), an Arabidopsis FNSI (Falcone Ferreyra et al, 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Apigenin produced by maize flavone synthase I and II protects plants against UV‐B‐induced damage

Righini

Rodrı́guez

Berosich

et al. 2018

Plant Cell & Environment

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Flavones, one of the largest groups of flavonoids, have beneficial effects on human health and are considered of high nutritional value. Previously, we demonstrated that maize type I flavone synthase (ZmFNSI) is one of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of O-glycosyl flavones in floral tissues. However, in related species such as rice and sorghum, type II FNS enzymes also contribute to flavone biosynthesis. In this work, we provide evidence that maize has both one FNSI and one FNSII flavone synthases. Arabidopsis transgenic plants expressing each FNS enzyme were generated to validate the role of flavones in protecting plants against UV-B radiation. Here, we demostrate that ZmCYP93G7 (FNSII) has flavone synthase activity and is able to complement the Arabidopsis dmr6 mutant, restoring the susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae. ZmFNSII expression is controlled by the C1/PL1 + R/B anthocyanin transcriptional complexes, and both ZmFNSI and ZmFNSII are regulated by UV-B. Arabidopsis transgenic plants expressing ZmFNSI or ZmFNSII that accumulate apigenin exhibit less UV-B-induced damage than wild-type plants. Together, we show that maize has two FNS-type enzymes that participate in the synthesis of apigenin, conferring protection against UV-B radiation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Identification Of a Maize Fnsii Enzymementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Apigenin produced by maize flavone synthase I and II protects plants against UV‐B‐induced damage

Righini

Rodrı́guez

Berosich

et al. 2018

Plant Cell & Environment

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“…Similarly, high levels of PAR might lead to the formation of a base amount of anthocyanins and flavones in S. littorea , whose concentrations could be optimized and increased when plants are exposed to UV radiation. However, given that anthocyanins and flavones perform a plethora of protective functions against many biotic and abiotic factors [28,60,61], they could be performing non-photoprotective functions. For example, isoorientins and isovitexins found in flax ( Linum usitatissimum ) enhance the resistance to fungal infections [62], and petal isovitexins of Silene latifolia help regulate vacuole homeostasis in epidermal cells, preventing petals from wilting [63].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV radiation increases flavonoid protection but decreased reproduction inSilene littorea

Valle

Buide

Whittall

et al. 2020

Preprint

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15Plants respond to changes in ultraviolet (UV) radiation via morphological and 16 physiological changes. Among the variety of plant UV-responses, the synthesis of UV-17 absorbing flavonoids constitutes an effective non-enzymatic mechanism to mitigate 18 photoinhibitory and photooxidative damage caused by UV stress, either reducing the 19 penetration of incident UV radiation or acting as quenchers of reactive oxygen species (ROS).20 In this study, we designed a UV-exclusion experiment to investigate the effects of UV 21 radiation in Silene littorea. We spectrophotometrically quantified concentrations of both 22 anthocyanins and non-anthocyanin flavonoids (flavones) in petals, calyces, leaves and stems.23 Furthermore, we analyzed the UV effect on the photosynthetic activity in hours of maximum24 solar radiation and we tested the impact of UV radiation on male and female reproductive 25 performance. We found that anthocyanin concentrations showed a significant decrease of 26 about 20% with UV-exclusion in petals and stems, and 30% in calyces. Flavone 27 concentrations showed a significant reduction of approximately 25% in calyces and stems, 28 and 12% in leaves. Photochemical efficiency of plants grown under UV stress decreased 29 sharply at maximum light stress, but their ability for recovery after light-stress was not 30 affected. In addition, exposure to UV radiation does not seem to affect ovule production or 31 seed set, but decreases the total seed production per plant and pollen production by 69% 32 and 31%, respectively. Our results demonstrate that UV radiation produced opposite effects 33 on flavonoid accumulation and reproduction in S. littorea. UV stress increased flavonoid 34 concentrations, suggesting a photoprotective role of flavonoids against UV radiation, but 3 35 had negative consequences for reproduction. We propose that this trade-off helps this 36 species to occupy exposed habitats with high UV radiation. 37 38 Keywords: abiotic stress, anthocyanins, Caryophyllaceae, flavones, male and female 39 reproductive performance, photoprotection, photosynthesis, secondary metabolites, UV 40 radiation. 4 41 Introduction 42 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can both help and harm plants. Many flowering plants rely 43 on UV nectar guides for pollination services [1]. Simultaneously, the high energy of UV 44 radiation can be damaging to cells and presents a unique abiotic challenge to most land 45 plants [2]. Furthermore, the "invisible" nature of UV radiation makes it particularly enigmatic 46 at the ecological and physiological scales. UV-A (315 -400 nm) and UV-B (280 -315 nm)47 radiation has numerous positive and negative effects at the cellular and organismal scales 48 [3-6], inducing a variety of morphological responses in plants [4,7]. In addition, UV-B49 radiation exerts damaging effects on DNA and chloroplasts, particularly photosystem II (PSII), 50 and indirectly generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can further damage the 51 photosynthetic apparatus [8,9]. 52Plants have developed a variety of mech...

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Conservation and Divergence Between Bryophytes and Angiosperms in the Biosynthesis and Regulation of Flavonoid Production

Davies

Jibran

Albert

et al. 2021

Recent Advances in Polyphenol Research

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Flavones: From Biosynthesis to Health Benefits

Cited by 256 publications

References 192 publications

Apigenin produced by maize flavone synthase I and II protects plants against UV‐B‐induced damage

Apigenin produced by maize flavone synthase I and II protects plants against UV‐B‐induced damage

UV radiation increases flavonoid protection but decreased reproduction inSilene littorea

Conservation and Divergence Between Bryophytes and Angiosperms in the Biosynthesis and Regulation of Flavonoid Production

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