Flavonoids: Classification, Biosynthesis and Chemical Ecology

Santos, Érica Luiz dos; Maia, Beatriz Helena L. N. Sales; Ferriani, Áurea Portes; Teixeira, Sirlei Dias

doi:10.5772/67861

Cited by 68 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Flavonoids contain 15 carbon atoms in their basic structure arranged in the form C6-C3-C6 with two aromatic rings (A, B) linked by three carbons, which may or not link to a third ring (C). (Cartea et al, 2011;Falcone Ferreyra, Rius, & Casati, 2012;Salehi et al, 2020;Santos, Maia, Sales, Ferriani, & Dias Teixeira, 2017). The flavonols found are quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and cyaniding, and represent the most popular flavonoids by their diversity in different species (Fusari, Beretta, Locatelli, Nazareno, & Camargo, 2019;Singh et al, 2017).…”

Section: Flavonoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The value of bioactive compounds of cruciferous vegetables (Brassica) as antimicrobials and antioxidants: A review

2020

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Nowadays, consumers are demanding nutrient-rich products for health optimal benefits. In this regard, Brassicaceae family plants, previously named cruciferous, group a large number of widely consumed species around the world. The popularity of Brassica is increasing due to their nutritional value and pharmacological effects. The group includes a large number of vegetable foods such as cabbages, broccoli, cauliflower, mustards as well as, oilseed rapeseed, canola, among others. In recent years, the phytochemical composition of Brassicaceae has been studied deeply because they contain many valuable metabolites, which are directly linked to different recognized biological activities. The scientific evidence confirms diverse medical properties for the treatment of chronic diseases such as obesity, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, stroke), cancer, and osteoporosis. The unique features of Brassicaceae family plants conferred by their phytochemicals, have extended future prospects about their use for beneficial effects on human nutrition and health worldwide. Practical applications For years, the Brassicaceae plants have been a fascinating research topic, due to their chemical composition characterized by rich in bioactive compounds. The implementation of extracts of these vegetables, causes various beneficial effects of high biological value in the treatment of diseases, owing to their bioactive properties (anti-obesity, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antianemic, and immunomodulator). Therefore, this review summarizes the chemical composition, describes the bioactive compounds isolated in the plant extracts, and highlights diverse biological activities, mainly the antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity. Brassica plants, as source of natural bioactive agents, have a great potential application to improve the human nutrition and health.

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Section: Flavonoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The value of bioactive compounds of cruciferous vegetables (Brassica) as antimicrobials and antioxidants: A review

2020

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“…It was established that ring A is located on the left side and results from the condensation of three malonyl-CoA molecules; ring B results from p-coumaroyl-CoA (from the shikimate pathway) and is located on the right side [42]. Flavonoids can be further subdivided in at least eight subgroups depending on substitutions and formation of an additional O-heterocycle (adapted from [46,47]). Many of the subgroups contain an O-heterocycle with six atoms, and only aurones have the O-heterocycle build of five atoms, while chalcones do not show any heterocyclization.…”

Section: Definition and Structure Of Phenolic Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color for Life: Biosynthesis and Distribution of Phenolic Compounds in Pepper (Capsicum annuum)

2019

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Fruits and vegetables are an important supplier of biological active substances, such as vitamins and secondary metabolites (SM) for human nutrition, but also for further industrial applications. Pepper (Capsicum annuum) is grown and consumed all over the world as a fresh vegetable or dried as a spice. It is also used as a coloring agent, as well for medical purposes. Pepper fruits are considered as an attractive source of health-related compounds, but other organs like the leaves and stem also contain considerable amounts of antioxidants, e.g., phenolic compounds. This indicates potential for valorization of residual biomass from horticultural production by using innovative bioeconomic concepts. Herein, we present an overview about the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds, with a special focus on flavonoids and their regulation in pepper, the current knowledge of amounts and distribution of these valuable substances, as well as possible strategies for: (1) increasing flavonoid contents in pepper, (2) improving the nutritional value of fruits, and (3) new concepts for utilization of residual biomass from horticultural production.

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“…The (E)-1,3-diphenylpropen-1-ones, best known as chalcones, belong to the flavonoids family and are an important class of natural products across the plant kingdom [1]. Structurally, these compounds contain two aromatic rings, bonded by a three-carbon α,β unsaturated carbonyl bridge (Figure 1), which are synthesized in plants as the C15 key intermediate in the biosynthesis of the other flavonoids [2]. Flavanones are also naturally occurring compounds and are chalcones' isomeric forms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chalcones and Flavanones Bearing Hydroxyl and/or Methoxyl Groups: Synthesis and Biological Assessments

et al. 2019

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Chalcones and flavanones are isomeric structures and also classes of natural products, belonging to the flavonoid family. Moreover, their wide range of biological activities makes them key scaffolds for the synthesis of new and more efficient drugs. In this work, the synthesis of hydroxy and/or methoxychalcones was studied using less common bases, such as sodium hydride (NaH) and lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LiHMDS), in the aldol condensation. The results show that the use of NaH was more effective for the synthesis of 2 -hydroxychalcone derivatives, while LiHMDS led to the synthesis of polyhydroxylated chalcones in a one-pot process. During this study, it was also possible to establish the conditions that favor their isomerization into flavanones, allowing at the same time the synthesis of hydroxy and/or methoxyflavanones. The chalcones and flavanones obtained were evaluated to disclose their antioxidant, anticholinesterasic, antibacterial and antitumor activities. 2 ,4 ,4-Trihydroxychalcone was the most active compound in terms of antioxidant, anti-butyrylcholinesterase (IC 50 26.55 ± 0.55 µg/mL, similar to control drug donepezil, IC 50 28.94 ± 1.76 µg/mL) and antimicrobial activity. 4 ,7-Dihydroxyflavanone presented dual inhibition, that is, the ability to inhibit both cholinesterases. 4 -Hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavanone and 2 -hydroxy-4-methoxychalcone were the compounds with the best antitumor activity. The substitution pattern and the biological assay results allowed the establishment of some structure/activity relationships.

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Flavonoids: Classification, Biosynthesis and Chemical Ecology

Cited by 68 publications

References 60 publications

The value of bioactive compounds of cruciferous vegetables (Brassica) as antimicrobials and antioxidants: A review

The value of bioactive compounds of cruciferous vegetables (Brassica) as antimicrobials and antioxidants: A review

Color for Life: Biosynthesis and Distribution of Phenolic Compounds in Pepper (Capsicum annuum)

Chalcones and Flavanones Bearing Hydroxyl and/or Methoxyl Groups: Synthesis and Biological Assessments

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