Flavors and Fragrances

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. The Chemical Senses 1.2. Definition 1.3. History 1.4. Odor Descriptors, Odor Thresholds, Odor Value 1.4.1. Qualitative Measurements 1.4.2. Quantitative Measurements 1.4.2.1. Odor Threshold 1.4.2.2. Odor Value 1.5. Regulations and Labeling Requirements 1.5.1. Flavors 1.5.2. Fragrances 2. Single Fragrance and Flavor Compounds 2.1. Aliphatic Compounds 2.1.1. Hydrocarbons 2.1.2. Alcohols 2.1.3. Aldehydes and Acetals 2.1.4. Ketones 2.1.5. Acids and Esters 2.1.6. Miscellaneous Compounds 2.2. Acyclic Terpenes 2.2.1. Hydrocarbons 2.2.2. Alcohols 2.2.3. Aldehydes and Acetals 2.2.4. Ketones 2.2.5. Acids and Esters 2.2.5.1. Geranyl and Neryl Esters 2.2.5.2. Linalyl and Lavandulyl Esters 2.2.5.3. Citronellyl Esters 2.2.6. Miscellaneous Compounds 2.3. Cyclic Terpenes 2.3.1. Hydrocarbons 2.3.2. Alcohols and Ethers 2.3.3. Aldehydes and Ketones 2.3.4. Esters 2.3.5. Miscellaneous Compounds 2.4. Other Cycloaliphatic Compounds 2.4.1. Alcohols 2.4.2. Aldehydes 2.4.3. Ketones 2.4.4. Esters 2.5. Aromatic Compounds 2.5.1. Hydrocarbons 2.5.2. Alcohols and Ethers 2.5.3. Aldehydes and Acetals 2.5.4. Ketones 2.5.5. Esters of Araliphatic Alcohols and Aliphatic Acids 2.5.6. Aromatic Acids 2.5.7. Esters Derived from Aromatic and Araliphatic Acids 2.5.7.1. Benzoates 2.5.7.2. Phenyl acetates 2.5.7.3. Cinnamates 2.5.8. Miscellaneous Compounds 2.6. Phenols and Phenol Derivatives 2.6.1. Phenols, Phenyl Esters, and Phenyl Ethers 2.6.2. Phenol Alcohols and their Esters 2.6.3. Phenol Aldehydes 2.6.4. Phenol Ketones 2.6.5. Phenol Carboxylates 2.7. O‐ and O, S‐Heterocycles 2.7.1. Cyclic Ethers 2.7.2. Lactones 2.7.3. Glycidates 2.7.4. Miscellaneous Compounds 2.8. N‐ and N, S‐Heterocycles 3. Natural Raw Materials in the Flavor and Fragrance Industry 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Isolation of Natural Fragrance and Flavor Concentrates 3.2.1. Essential Oils 3.2.2. Extracts 3.3. Survey of Natural Raw Materials 4. Quality Control 5. Economic Aspects 6. Toxicology and Environmental Aspects

Selective Hydrogenation of Citral in an Organic Solvent, in a Ionic Liquid, and in Substance

“…The compounds are often extracted from essential oils (e.g., lemon grass oil, citrus oil) by fractional distillation. Geraniol is the most frequently used terpenoid fragrance compound and, like its isomer nerol, applied in perfumes of roses and in citrus fragrances [1,2]. As an a,b-unsaturated aldehyde citral itself is an important educt for the synthesis of terpene alcohols and aldehydes because of its three functionalities (carbonyl group, conjugated C=C bond, isolated C=C bond) and thus, with the right choice of catalyst and reaction conditions, enables the synthesis of geraniol/ nerol, citronellal and/or citronellol by selective hydrogenation.…”

Ionic Liquid–Liquid Chromatography: A New General Purpose Separation Methodology

“…Constituents of interest to the fragrance industry include polycyclic alkenes (such as a-cadinene and b-vetivenene, as in Fig. 21) and polycyclic alcohols, such as khusimol [173]. Although separation into each individual component is not practical, or even desired, a rough separation into two main classes of 15 carbon sesquiterpenes can be achieved using only one run of ILLC.…”

“…For the best separations, the instrument should be operated with high stationary phase retentions in the lightest green region or plateau region (where S f = 85-95%) on the graph. The lower rotation speeds reduce wear on the instrument and reduce power consumption, while in this case giving rise to good phase retention values at speeds as low as 300 rpm and flow rates at or below a [173] 2 cm 3 min -1 . These are very high stationary phase retention values, and hence there exists the potential to carry out very fast separations at high flow rates.…”

Myrcene as a Natural Base Chemical in Sustainable Chemistry: A Critical Review

“…Zeolites [64] or transition-metal catalysts, for example, Pd(OAc) 2 /PPh 3 , [65] Mo(CO) 6 , [66] and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 /Et 3 N, [67] are also able to generate dienes from alcohols and acetates.…”

“…Readers interested in classical terpene chemistry in more detail are referred to publications by Newman, [2] Verghese, [3] and Breitmaier. [4] Excellent insights into industrial flavors and fragrances are given by Panten et al [5,6] and Ohloff. [7] 2.…”