The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. The Chemical Senses 1.2. Definition 1.3. History 1.4. Odor Descriptors, Odor Thresholds, Odor Value 1.4.1. Qualitative Measurements 1.4.2. Quantitative Measurements 1.4.2.1. Odor Threshold 1.4.2.2. Odor Value 1.5. Regulations and Labeling Requirements 1.5.1. Flavors 1.5.2. Fragrances 2. Single Fragrance and Flavor Compounds 2.1. Aliphatic Compounds 2.1.1. Hydrocarbons 2.1.2. Alcohols 2.1.3. Aldehydes and Acetals 2.1.4. Ketones 2.1.5. Acids and Esters 2.1.6. Miscellaneous Compounds 2.2. Acyclic Terpenes 2.2.1. Hydrocarbons 2.2.2. Alcohols 2.2.3. Aldehydes and Acetals 2.2.4. Ketones 2.2.5. Acids and Esters 2.2.5.1. Geranyl and Neryl Esters 2.2.5.2. Linalyl and Lavandulyl Esters 2.2.5.3. Citronellyl Esters 2.2.6. Miscellaneous Compounds 2.3. Cyclic Terpenes 2.3.1. Hydrocarbons 2.3.2. Alcohols and Ethers 2.3.3. Aldehydes and Ketones 2.3.4. Esters 2.3.5. Miscellaneous Compounds 2.4. Other Cycloaliphatic Compounds 2.4.1. Alcohols 2.4.2. Aldehydes 2.4.3. Ketones 2.4.4. Esters 2.5. Aromatic Compounds 2.5.1. Hydrocarbons 2.5.2. Alcohols and Ethers 2.5.3. Aldehydes and Acetals 2.5.4. Ketones 2.5.5. Esters of Araliphatic Alcohols and Aliphatic Acids 2.5.6. Aromatic Acids 2.5.7. Esters Derived from Aromatic and Araliphatic Acids 2.5.7.1. Benzoates 2.5.7.2. Phenyl acetates 2.5.7.3. Cinnamates 2.5.8. Miscellaneous Compounds 2.6. Phenols and Phenol Derivatives 2.6.1. Phenols, Phenyl Esters, and Phenyl Ethers 2.6.2. Phenol Alcohols and their Esters 2.6.3. Phenol Aldehydes 2.6.4. Phenol Ketones 2.6.5. Phenol Carboxylates 2.7. O‐ and O, S‐Heterocycles 2.7.1. Cyclic Ethers 2.7.2. Lactones 2.7.3. Glycidates 2.7.4. Miscellaneous Compounds 2.8. N‐ and N, S‐Heterocycles 3. Natural Raw Materials in the Flavor and Fragrance Industry 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Isolation of Natural Fragrance and Flavor Concentrates 3.2.1. Essential Oils 3.2.2. Extracts 3.3. Survey of Natural Raw Materials 4. Quality Control 5. Economic Aspects 6. Toxicology and Environmental Aspects

The essential oils of the aerial parts of Jasonia candicans and J. montana were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique. Of twenty-one components identified in the volatile oil of J. candicans, intermediol was the main constituent. Fifty-eight components were characterized in the essential oil of J. montana. Camphor, borneol, bornyl acetate, chrysanthemol, intermediol, and 1,8-cineole were the major constituents in this oil. The two oils showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis. They also showed a marked antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans.

Jasminum flexile flower absolute from the south of India and the corresponding vacuum headspace (VHS) sample of the absolute were analyzed using GC and GC-MS. Three other commercially available Indian jasmine absolutes from the species: J. sambac, J. officinale subsp. grandiflorum, and J. auriculatum and the respective VHS samples were used for comparison purposes. One hundred and twenty-one compounds were characterized in J. flexile flower absolute, with methyl linolate, benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate, (2E,6E)-farnesol, and benzyl acetate as the main constituents. A detailed olfactory evaluation was also performed.

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Three qualities of New Caledonian sandalwood oil were analyzed using GC and GC/MS. Eighty-four constituents were identified: 10 monoterpenes, 72 sesquiterpenes and two others. In addition β-bisabolol/epi-β-bisabolol isomers were isolated and characterized via chiral GC chromatography. Our results indicate that New Caledonian sandalwood oil is much closer related to East Indian sandalwood oil than its Western Australian counterpart.