Fleeting reliability in the dot-probe task

Chapman, Angus; Devue, Christel; Grimshaw, Gina M.

doi:10.1007/s00426-017-0947-6

Cited by 110 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…While we previously found that FDOT threat bias one day after single-session CBT predicted clinical improvement, this observation was not replicated in this study. Recent work into the psychometric properties of the dot probe task suggests weak test-retest reliability, indicating that alternative measures of threat bias might be preferable (29). In line with this recommendation, we found that amygdala threat response was more sensitive to brief treatment than the behavioural measures used, leading to large effect sizes of d>1 and predicting clinical recovery.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Neurocognitive mechanisms of d-cycloserine augmented single-session exposure therapy for anxiety

Reinecke

Nickless

Browning

et al. 2019

Preprint

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ObjectiveDrugs targeting the N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) system and the ability to learn new associations have been proposed as potential adjunct treatments to boost the success of exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. However, the effects of the NMDA partial agonist d-cycloserine on psychological treatment have been mixed. We investigated potential neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the clinical effects of d-cycloserine-augmented exposure, to inform the optimal combination of this and similar agents with psychological treatment.MethodsUnmedicated patients with panic disorder were randomised to single-dose d-cycloserine (250mg; N=17) or matching placebo (N=16) 2hrs before one session of exposure therapy. Neurocognitive markers were assessed one day after treatment, including reaction-time based threat bias for fearful faces and amygdala response to threat. Clinical symptom severity was measured using self-report and clinician-rated scales the day before and after treatment, and at 1- and 6-months follow-up. Analysis was by intention-to-treat.ResultsOne day after treatment, threat bias for fearful faces and amygdala threat response were attenuated in the drug compared to the placebo group. Lower amygdala magnitude predicted greater clinical improvement during follow-up across groups. D-cycloserine led to greater clinical recovery at 1-month follow-up (d-cycloserine 71% versus placebo 25%).DiscussionD-cycloserine-augmented single-session exposure therapy reduces amygdala threat response, and this effect predicts later clinical response. These findings highlight a neurocognitive mechanism by which d-cycloserine may exert its augmentative effects on psychological treatment and bring forward a marker that may help understand and facilitate future development of adjunct treatments with CBT for anxiety disorders. (D-cycloserine Augmented CBT for Panic Disorder; clinicaltrials.gov;NCT01680107)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Neurocognitive mechanisms of d-cycloserine augmented single-session exposure therapy for anxiety

Reinecke

Nickless

Browning

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Supporting that notion and the association between deprivation and attention bias away from threat found at follow up, the association between exposure to adversity and attention bias away from threat among adolescents, and not children, has already been documented (Weissman et al, 2019). Such results should be interpreted with caution due to the low stability of the attention bias measure in this study, considering that the utility of using the dot-probe has already been called into question due to its low-retest reliability (Chapman, Devue and Grimshaw, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of threat and deprivation on cognition, emotional processing and psychopathology in children and adolescents

Schäfer

McLaughlin

Manfro

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Exposure to childhood adversity has been consistently associated with poor developmental outcomes, but it is unclear whether these associations vary across different forms of adversity. We examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between two types of adversity-threat and deprivation-with cognition, emotional processing, and psychopathology in a middle-income country. Methods:The sample consisted of 2,511 children and adolescents (6-17 years old) from the Brazilian High-Risk Cohort for Psychiatric Disorders. Parent reports on childhood adversity were used to construct threat and deprivation latent constructs. Psychopathology was measured by the CBCL which generated a measure of general psychopathology (the "p" factor). Executive function (EF) and attention orienting toward angry faces were assessed using cognitive tasks. All measures were acquired at two time-points 3years apart. Cross-lagged panel models were estimated to evaluate longitudinal associations.Results: Psychopathology was associated with threat and deprivation cross-sectionally, and higher levels of threat and deprivation predicted increases in general psychopathology at follow-up. For EF, worse performance was more strongly associated with deprivation than threat at baseline, and only with deprivation at follow-up. Deprivation was associated with attention orienting away from angry faces cross-sectionally, but neither form of adversity was associated with changes over time in attention bias.Conclusion: Both types of adversity are associated with current and future psychopathology and with current, but not future, EF. Threat was more strongly linked to higher psychopathology, whereas deprivation was more strongly linked to lower EF. Lack of longitudinal associations between deprivation and EF mean reverse causality cannot be excluded.

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“…One explanation might be the consistent use of a cuetarget onset-asynchrony of 100 ms. Although short CTOAs are recommended by numerous researchers to investigate shifts in covert attention (Cooper & Langton, 2006;Petrova et al, 2013;Stevens et al, 2011;Weierich et al, 2008), many dot-probe studies use longer CTOAs of typically 500 ms (see Chapman, Devue, & Grimshaw, 2017;Cooper & Langton, 2006, for a critical discussion of this standard). Therefore, the attentional bias might simply be too transient to be detectable at 500 ms after cue onset.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

It occurs after all: Attentional bias towards happy faces in the dot-probe task

Wirth

Wentura

2020

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Many studies have shown that not only threatening but also positive stimuli capture visual attention. However, in the dot-probe task, a common paradigm to assess attention to emotional stimuli, usually no bias towards happy faces occurs. Here, we investigated whether such a bias can occur and, if so, under which conditions. In Experiment 1, we investigated whether the bias is contingent on the simultaneous presentation of distractor stimuli with the targets. Participants performed a dot-probe task with either stand-alone targets or targets that were accompanied by distractors. We found an attentional bias towards happy faces that was not moderated by target type. To rule out perceptual low-level confounds as the cause of the bias towards happy faces, Experiments 2a and 2b comprised dot-probe tasks with inverted face cues. No attentional bias towards inverted happy faces occurred. In Experiment 3, we investigated whether a bias towards happy faces is contingent on a social-processing mode. Participants performed a dot-probe task with socially meaningful (schematic faces) or socially meaningless (scrambled schematic faces) targets. Again, a bias towards happy faces, which was not moderated by target type, occurred. In Experiment 4, we investigated the attentional bias towards happy faces when another highly relevant expression was present. Participants performed a dot-probe task with both happy and angry face cues. A significant attentional bias towards emotional faces occurred that did not differ between both cue emotions. These results suggest that happy faces are sufficiently relevant for observers to capture attention in the dot-probe task.

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Fleeting reliability in the dot-probe task

Cited by 110 publications

References 60 publications

Neurocognitive mechanisms of d-cycloserine augmented single-session exposure therapy for anxiety

Neurocognitive mechanisms of d-cycloserine augmented single-session exposure therapy for anxiety

Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of threat and deprivation on cognition, emotional processing and psychopathology in children and adolescents

It occurs after all: Attentional bias towards happy faces in the dot-probe task

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