Flexible OLED Displays Using Plastic Substrates

Sugimoto, Akihiro; Ochi, Hideo; Fujimura, Sou; Yoshida, Ayako; Miyadera, Toshiyuki; Tsuchida, Masami

doi:10.1109/jstqe.2004.824112

Cited by 248 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…[13][14][15][16] In particular, it has been confirmed that electrical and optical properties of amorphous IZO ͑a-IZO͒ films can be optimized at Ͻ50°C without a postannealing process. Therefore it is considered that a-IZO anode films can be applied to flexible displays, acquiring low temperature process, high conductivity, high transparency, and high mechanical robustness.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…To achieve better performance of flexible OLEDs, Zn-based transparent conducting oxide ͑TCO͒ films, such as ZnSn 2 O 4 , ZnSnO 3 , Zn 2 In 2 O 5 , and Al͑Ga͒-doped ZnO, have been applied as the anode. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Among various Zn-based transparent conducting oxides, the Zn-doped In 2 O 3 ͑IZO͒ films recently have been recognized as promising TCO materials for OLEDs due to its good conductivity, high transparency, excellent surface smoothness, high etching rate, and low deposition temperature. [13][14][15][16] In particular, it has been confirmed that electrical and optical properties of amorphous IZO ͑a-IZO͒ films can be optimized at Ͻ50°C without a postannealing process.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore it is considered that a-IZO anode films can be applied to flexible displays, acquiring low temperature process, high conductivity, high transparency, and high mechanical robustness. [14][15][16][17] Even though a-IZO has been reported as a candidate material for flexible OLEDs, there are few reports on flexible OLEDs using a-IZO as the anode, and they showed rather poor performance with external quantum efficiency of less than 0.5% using Alq 3 as the emitter. 11,14,17 In this article, we report high-performance, flexible OLEDs using an a-IZO anode grown by dc magnetron reactive sputtering at the temperature of Ͻ50°C on a PC substrate.…”

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High-Performance Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using Amorphous Indium Zinc Oxide Anode

Kang

Jeong

Kim

et al. 2007

Electrochem. Solid-State Lett.

105

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We demonstrate a high-performance flexible organic light-emitting diode ͑OLED͒ employing amorphous indium zinc oxide ͑IZO͒ anode. The amorphous IZO on flexible polycarbonate ͑PC͒ substrate shows similar electrical conductivity and optical transmittance with commercial ͑ITO͒ glass, even though it was prepared at Ͻ50°C. Moreover, it exhibits little resistance change during 5000 bending cycles, demonstrating good mechanical robustness. A green phosphorescent OLED fabricated on amorphous IZO on flexible PC shows maximum external quantum efficiency of ext = 13.7% and power efficiency of p = 32.7 lm/W, which are higher than a device fabricated on a commercial ITO on glass ͑ ext = 12.4% and p = 30.1 lm/W͒ and ITO on flexible PC ͑ ext = 8.5% and p =14.1 lm/W͒. The mechanical robustness and low-temperature deposition of IZO combined with high OLED performance clearly manifest that the amorphous IZO is a promising anode material for flexible displays. There has been increasing activity for flexible organic lightemitting diodes ͑OLEDs͒ over the past few years, and it has focused on developing indium tin oxide ͑ITO͒-coated polymer substrates, such as polyethylene terephthalate ͑PET͒, 1-5 polycarbonate ͑PC͒,polyimide, 8 polyethersulfone ͑PES͒, 9 polyethylene naphthalate ͑PEN͒, 9 and polycyclic olefin ͑PCO͒. 9 However, ITO electrode comes with its own set of problems such as chemical instability in a reduced ambient, poor transparency in the blue region, release of oxygen and indium into the organic layer, imperfect work function alignment with typical hole-transport layers, and easy deterioration of ITO targets. 5 In addition, the optimum properties of ITO film can only be obtained from fully crystallized film deposited at high temperature ͑ϳ300°C͒ or annealed in air or oxygen ambient. 10 With the increasing interest in the development of flexible OLEDs, there is great need for a more mechanically robust and transparent electrode because the resistance of crystallized ITO films on flexible substrate increases with increasing mechanical stain. The increase in resistance is related to the number of cracks generated in the electrode, which depends on applied strain and film thickness. 1,3 For this reason, new transparent conducting materials have been explored to replace ITO for flexible OLED anodes. To achieve better performance of flexible OLEDs, Zn-based transparent conducting oxide ͑TCO͒ films, such as ZnSn 2 O 4 , ZnSnO 3 , Zn 2 In 2 O 5 , and Al͑Ga͒-doped ZnO, have been applied as the anode.11-16 Among various Zn-based transparent conducting oxides, the Zn-doped In 2 O 3 ͑IZO͒ films recently have been recognized as promising TCO materials for OLEDs due to its good conductivity, high transparency, excellent surface smoothness, high etching rate, and low deposition temperature. [13][14][15][16] In particular, it has been confirmed that electrical and optical properties of amorphous IZO ͑a-IZO͒ films can be optimized at Ͻ50°C without a postannealing process. Therefore it is considered that a-IZO anode films can be applied to...

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Performance Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using Amorphous Indium Zinc Oxide Anode

Kang

Jeong

Kim

et al. 2007

Electrochem. Solid-State Lett.

105

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“…[Crawford (2005) Ren et al (2007)], and non-liquid crystal technologies, such as electrophoretic imaging [Comiskey et al (1998);Gelinck et al (2004); Daniel et al (2007)], Gyricon [Crowley et al (2002)], and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) ; Burrows et al (1997); Krasnov (2002); Sugimoto et al (2004); Zhou et al (2006)], have been carried out to achieve transmissive type or reflective type flexible displays. In liquid crystal-based flexible displays, bistability and colors of cholesteric liquid crystals limits the application due to the complexity of driving and color shift at off angle.…”

Section: Polarizer-free Flexible Lcds Using Dye-doped Lc Gelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Polarizer-free Liquid Crystal Display Using Dye-doped Liquid Crystal Gels

Lin¹,

Yang²,

Lin³

et al. 2009

New Developments in Liquid Crystals

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New Developments in Liquid Crystals 128 gel-like feature of materials, vertically aligned polymer network and low temperature processes drives us to realize a trim-able and bendable polarizer-free flexible display in reflective mode. In 2008, we demonstrated a polarizer-free flexible electro-optical switch using dye-doped LC gels which is polarizer-free, fast response, high contrast. ] Many parameters affect the phase separation process [Yang et al. (2006);Ren et al. (2008)]and then have influence on the electro-optical properties of dye-doped LC gels, such as curing temperature effect. The normally white gels exhibit ~55% reflectance, ~450:1 contrast ratio, ~6.4 ms response time, and ~30 V rms at f=1 kHz driving voltage at curing temperature 10 ºC. A single pixel flexible reflective display using such dye-doped LC gels are also demonstrated under bending and trimming. To further realize a display with multipixels, the substrate is patterned by pixilated indium-tin-oxide (ITO) in general. However, the involved fabrication and driving are complicated. It also causes problems especially in the fabrication process of flexible displays, such as chemical stability of plastic substrates, failure of ITO under tension and so on. [Crawford (2005)] In order to achieve a simple and easy process for flexible displays, we developed a multiple-step switch using distinct dyedoped LC gels without patterning ITO layers in 2009. [Lin et al. (2009)] Moreover, the switch should provide extra information states besides voltage-on and voltage-off states for the applications of the decorative displays within a simple driving and manufacturing process. The distinct dye-doped LC gels can display information by the spatial distribution of polymer network density without patterned ITO layers. The different regions of polymer network densities have different threshold voltages, but the similar bright and dark states. The distinct dye-doped LC gel is transparent (or in bright state) at 0 V rms and opaque (or in dark state) at 30 V rms . At 9 V rms , it shows the colored pattern (or information) because of distinct polymer networks. The response time is ~10 ms and contrast ratio is ~200:1. We can also extend the concept for a polarizer-free four step switch. The potential applications are for decorative displays, electrically tunable diaphragm, and electrically tunable low pass or high pass filter. In this book chapter, we introduce a polarizer-free LCD using dye-doped LC gels whose the physical mechanism is mainly the combination of both light scattering and absorption. In the beginning, we introduce the structure and mechanism of our dye-doped liquid crystal gels. Second, the experimental setups, results (morphologies, electro-optical properties, response time) and mathematical model are also discussed. Third, the performance of such a polarizer-free liquid crystal display is shown. Finally, we will introduce multiple step switches using distinct dye-doped LC gels for the application of decorative displays. The potential applications are f...

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“…A inicios de 2015 se reportó por primera vez la observación simultánea del comportamiento corpuscular y ondulatorio de las ondas electromagnéticas (Piazza et al, 2015), lo que señala la necesidad de revisar los apartes de la física que excluyen la observación simultánea de dichos comportamientos. Adicionalmente, el control del comportamiento ondulatorio de grandes moléculas ha sido subrayado por la nano−tecnología de dispositivos orgánicos fabricados por procedimientos interferométricos (Capelli et al, 2010;Sugimoto et al, 2004;Capozzi et al, 2015). En efecto, dicho comportamiento tiene una influencia definitiva sobre la calidad de los dispositivos producidos.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Fundamentos Conceptuales De Una Teoría De Interferencia Unificada Para Ondas Y Partículas

Castañeda

2016

Rev. Fac. Cienc.

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Recibido 23-02-2016, aceptado 25-05-2016, versión final 01-06-2016.Artículo Investigación RESUMEN: La interferencia de la luz y de la materia se aborda de manera muy distinta, a pesar de que sea producida por arreglos experimentales con la misma configuración a escala diferente, que entregan resultados de morfología similar, llamados patrones de interferencia. El aparato matemático empleado para la predicción de los patrones de interferencia es similar y se basa en la superposición de funciones de onda. No obstante, mientras que en el caso de la luz la superposición de ondas es un principio fenomenológico que conduce a explicaciones físicas, en el caso de la materia, las funciones de onda no tienen significado físico, por lo que su superposición no conduce a explicaciones fenomenológicas. Así, fenómenos físicos análogos no se explican con base en causas naturales comunes y necesarias, como lo establecen las dos reglas de filosofía natural de Newton vigentes para el análisis de resultados experimentales. En este trabajo se proponen fundamentos conceptuales para una teoría basada en un nuevo principio físico de interferencia, tanto para luz como para la materia, que supera tales limitaciones y se ajusta a las reglas filosóficas de Newton.PALABRAS CLAVE: Interferencia, ondas, partículas, coherencia.ABSTRACT: Interference of light and matter is quite differently dealt, although in both cases it is produced by experimental arrangements with the same settings on a different scale, that deliver results of similar morphology, called interference patterns. The mathematical apparatus used for the prediction of the interference patterns is similar and based on the superposition of wave functions. However, while in the case of light the wave superposition is a phenomenological principle leading to physical explanations, in the case of matter, the wave functions do not have physical meaning, so that their superposition does not lead to phenomenological explanations. So, analogous physical phenomena are not explained on the basis of common and necessary natural causes, as established by two Newton's rules of natural philosophy still valid for the analysis of experimental results. In this paper, conceptual foundations for a unified theory based on a new a Castañeda, R. (2016). Fundamentos conceptuales de una teoría de interferencia unificada para ondas y partículas.Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias, 5 (1), 76-97.

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Flexible OLED Displays Using Plastic Substrates

Cited by 248 publications

References 11 publications

High-Performance Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using Amorphous Indium Zinc Oxide Anode

High-Performance Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using Amorphous Indium Zinc Oxide Anode

A Polarizer-free Liquid Crystal Display Using Dye-doped Liquid Crystal Gels

Fundamentos Conceptuales De Una Teoría De Interferencia Unificada Para Ondas Y Partículas

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