Flexible Organic Solar Cells Over 15% Efficiency with Polyimide-Integrated Graphene Electrodes

Koo, Donghwan; Jung, Seungmin; Seo, Jihyung; Jeong, Gyujeong; Choi, Yunseong; Lee, Jung-Hyun; Lee, Sang Myeon; Cho, Yongjoon; Jeong, Mingyu; Lee, Jung-Ho; Oh, Jiyeon; Yang, Changduk

doi:10.1016/j.joule.2020.02.012

Cited by 182 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…[ 37 ] However, as the sheet resistance of the AgNW electrode decreases, the transmittance of the electrode also gradually decreases, resulting in a decrease in the J SC of the device. [ 20,36 ] Therefore, it is necessary to carefully balance the sheet resistance and transmission of the electrode to achieve high device performance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various conductive materials, such as graphene, [ 20,21 ] conductive polymers, [ 22,23 ] metal grids, [ 24–26 ] and metal nanowires, [ 2,27,28 ] have been reported for preparing high‐performance FTEs. Among these, silver nanowire (AgNW) electrodes are recognized as the most promising owing to their high light transmittance, low sheet resistance, good processability, and excellent flexibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Power Conversion Efficiency of 13.61% for 1 cm² Flexible Polymer Solar Cells Based on Patternable and Mass‐Producible Gravure‐Printed Silver Nanowire Electrodes

Wang

Han

Yan

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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With the aim of developing high‐performance flexible polymer solar cells, the preparation of flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) via a high‐throughput gravure printing process is reported. By varying the blend ratio of the mixture solvent and the concentration of the silver nanowire (AgNW) inks, the surface tension, volatilization rate, and viscosity of the AgNW ink can be tuned to meet the requirements of gravure printing process. Following this method, uniformly printed AgNW films are prepared. Highly conductive FTEs with a sheet resistance of 10.8 Ω sq−1 and a high transparency of 95.4% (excluded substrate) are achieved, which are comparable to those of indium tin oxide electrode. In comparison with the spin‐coating process, the gravure printing process exhibits advantages of the ease of large‐area fabrication and improved uniformity, which are attributed to better ink droplet distribution over the substrate. 0.04 cm2 polymer solar cells based on gravure‐printed AgNW electrodes with PM6:Y6 as the photoactive layer show the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.28% with an average PCE of 14.75 ± 0.35%. Owing to the good uniformity of the gravure‐printed AgNW electrode, the highest PCE of 13.61% is achieved for 1 cm2 polymer solar cells based on the gravure‐printed FTEs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Power Conversion Efficiency of 13.61% for 1 cm² Flexible Polymer Solar Cells Based on Patternable and Mass‐Producible Gravure‐Printed Silver Nanowire Electrodes

Wang

Han

Yan

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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“…Solution‐processed organic solar cells (OSCs) based on bulk heterojunction (BHJ) blends of a pair of donor (D) and acceptor (A) materials have attracted considerable attentions, due to their unique combination of advantages on light weight, flexibility, semitransparency, and roll‐to‐roll processing over other solar cell technologies. [ 1–11 ] With the rapid development of novel organic conjugated donors and acceptors, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) has been improved over 16% for most OSCs. [ 12–16 ] One challenge for practical commercialization of OSCs is their limited environmental stability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Universal Method to Enhance Flexibility and Stability of Organic Solar Cells by Constructing Insulating Matrices in Active Layers

Han

Bao

Huang

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

119

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With the rapid development of power conversion efficiency (PCE), flexibility–stability of organic solar cells (OSCs) are becoming one of the primary barriers for commercialization. This work shows that insulating poly(aryl ether) (PAE) resins have highly twisted‐stiff backbones without any side chains, which possess excellent mechanical stability, thermal stability, and good compatibility with organic photovoltaic materials. After introducing 5 wt% PAE resin as supporting matrices into the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) layer, the device yields a high PCE of 16.13%. Importantly, the devices show impressive flexibility and improved stability with passivated morphology, such as PM6/Y6‐based devices with 30 wt% PAE retains the PCE of 15.17% and exhibits enhanced 4.4‐fold elongation at break (25.07%). This is the recorded stretchability of the BHJ layer for OSCs with PCE > 8%, and morphological changes during tensile deformation are first investigated by in situ wide‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements. The PAE matrices strategy exhibits good universality in the other four photovoltaic systems. These results demonstrate that heat‐resistant PAE resins serve as supporting matrices with a tunneling effect into OSCs without sacrificing photovoltaic performance and simultaneously improve the flexibility and stability of devices, which can play an important role in promoting the development of stable and wearable electronics.

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“…Inorganic, organic and perovskite solar cells have been fabricated on polymer substrates including polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate which have high transmittance (>85%), low permeability to water, and can bend up to 1°mm radius (Elli, 1986;Zardetto et al, 2011;Kaltenbrunner et al, 2012;Kaltenbrunner et al, 2015;Poorkazem et al, 2015;Cui et al, 2019). Polyimide has been utilized for higher processing temperatures (up to 350°C) (Znajdek et al, 2016;Koo et al, 2020), parylene substrates are used for conformability in biological media and ultralight applications (Park et al, 2018;Bihar et al, 2020), and elastic materials like polydimethylsiloxane have permitted stretchable solar cells (Lipomi et al, 2011;Kaltenbrunner et al, 2012).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible Electronics: Status, Challenges and Opportunities

2020

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The concept of flexible electronics has been around for several decades. In principle, anything thin or very long can become flexible. While cables and wiring are the prime example for flexibility, it was not until the space race that silicon wafers used for solar cells in satellites were thinned to increase their power per weight ratio, thus allowing a certain degree of warping. This concept permitted the first flexible solar cells in the 1960s (Crabb and Treble, 1967). The development of conductive polymers (Shirakawa et al., 1977), organic semiconductors, and amorphous silicon (Chittick et al., 1969; Okaniwa et al., 1983) in the following decades meant huge strides toward flexibility and processability, and thus these materials became the base for electronic devices in applications that require bending, rolling, folding, and stretching, among other properties that cannot be fulfilled by conventional electronics (Cheng and Wagner, 2009) (Figure 1). Presently there is great interest in new materials and fabrication techniques which allow for highperformance scalable electronic devices to be manufactured directly onto flexible substrates. This interest has also extended to not only flexibility but also properties like stretchability and healability which can be achieved by utilizing elastomeric substrates with strong molecular interactions (Oh et al., 2016; Kang et al., 2018). Likewise, biocompatibility and biodegradability has been achieved through polymers that do not cause adverse effect to the body and can be broken down into smaller constituent pieces after utilization (Bettinger and Bao, 2010; Irimia-Vladu et al., 2010; Liu H. et al., 2019). This new progress is now enabling devices which can conform to complex and dynamic surfaces, such as those found in biological systems and bioinspired soft robotics. These next-generation flexible electronics open up a wide range of exciting new applications such as flexible lighting and display technologies for consumer electronics, architecture, and textiles, wearables with sensors that help monitor our health and habits, implantable electronics for improved medical imaging and diagnostics, as well as extending the functionality of robots and unmanned aircraft through lightweight and conformable energy harvesting devices and sensors. While conventional electronics are very capable of these functions, flexible electronics are intended to expand the mechanical features to adhere to novel form factors through hybrid strategies, or as standalone solutions where the application does not require high computation power, intended to be highly robust to deformation, low cost, thin, or disposable. The definition of flexibility differs from application to application. From bending and rolling for easier handling of large area photovoltaics, to conforming onto irregular shapes, folding, twisting, stretching, and deforming required for devices in electronic skin, all while maintaining device performance and reliability. While early progress and many important innovations have alre...

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Flexible Organic Solar Cells Over 15% Efficiency with Polyimide-Integrated Graphene Electrodes

Cited by 182 publications

References 49 publications

High Power Conversion Efficiency of 13.61% for 1 cm² Flexible Polymer Solar Cells Based on Patternable and Mass‐Producible Gravure‐Printed Silver Nanowire Electrodes

High Power Conversion Efficiency of 13.61% for 1 cm² Flexible Polymer Solar Cells Based on Patternable and Mass‐Producible Gravure‐Printed Silver Nanowire Electrodes

A Universal Method to Enhance Flexibility and Stability of Organic Solar Cells by Constructing Insulating Matrices in Active Layers

Flexible Electronics: Status, Challenges and Opportunities

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Flexible Organic Solar Cells Over 15% Efficiency with Polyimide-Integrated Graphene Electrodes

Cited by 182 publications

References 49 publications

High Power Conversion Efficiency of 13.61% for 1 cm2 Flexible Polymer Solar Cells Based on Patternable and Mass‐Producible Gravure‐Printed Silver Nanowire Electrodes

High Power Conversion Efficiency of 13.61% for 1 cm2 Flexible Polymer Solar Cells Based on Patternable and Mass‐Producible Gravure‐Printed Silver Nanowire Electrodes

A Universal Method to Enhance Flexibility and Stability of Organic Solar Cells by Constructing Insulating Matrices in Active Layers

Flexible Electronics: Status, Challenges and Opportunities

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Product

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High Power Conversion Efficiency of 13.61% for 1 cm² Flexible Polymer Solar Cells Based on Patternable and Mass‐Producible Gravure‐Printed Silver Nanowire Electrodes

High Power Conversion Efficiency of 13.61% for 1 cm² Flexible Polymer Solar Cells Based on Patternable and Mass‐Producible Gravure‐Printed Silver Nanowire Electrodes