Flight Behaviour and Avoidance of Predators in Thomson's Gazelle (Gazella Thomsoni Guenther 1884)

Walther, Fritz R.

doi:10.1163/156853969x00053

Cited by 226 publications

(133 citation statements)

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“…These flight responses to human disturbance appear to be because it is perceived by animals as being similar to predation risk (Walther 1969). This disturbance in turn can be considered as a deviation in an individual's behaviour from patterns that would occur in the absence of anthropogenic influences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Walther 1969;Born et al 1999;Frid 2001;Blumstein et al 2003;Constantine et al 2004). Whether disturbance affects a population, and how severe this effect is, relies on the impact of the disturbance that can be measured as behavioural responses of the targeted species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animals may perceive non-lethal disturbance stimuli caused by humans as similar to predation risk (e.g. Walther 1969;Frid and Dill 2002). Frid and Dill (2002) referred to this trade-off as the risk-disturbance hypothesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distance does matter: close approaches by boats impede feeding and resting behaviour of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins

2011

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Context. Potential impacts of human disturbance on animal populations can be measured as behavioural responses and may affect the survival and fecundity of animals. In areas where human-wildlife interactions occur, conservation management needs to be in place to secure both a viable tourism industry and the sustainability of the targeted species.Aims. We sought to evaluate whether different approach distances by boat have effects on the behaviour and group cohesion of dolphins that are targeted by Australia's largest dolphin-watching industry.Methods. The effects of different approach distances of boats on the behavioural states of dolphins, group dispersal and direction of movement were investigated in this area by controlled boat experiments conducted between August 2008 and December 2009.Key results. Results showed that there was significantly less feeding when boats approached dolphin groups to a distance of 50 m than when they did to a distance of 150 m, or with controlled approaches. Resting was also observed significantly less when boats approached to a distance of 50 m than when they approached to a distance of 150 m. The dispersal of dolphin groups was significantly tighter (less dispersed) when boats approached to 50 m than that with 150-m-distance or controlled approaches. Furthermore, the dolphins' direction of movement was less neutral when the experimental boat approaches were carried out at a distance of 50 m than when they were carried out at a distance of 150 m, or with controlled approaches. Similar results were also obtained for dolphin groups including calves.Conclusions. On the basis of the results from this study, we recommend that the existing New South Wales regulations, which stipulate that dolphin-watching boats keep a distance of 50 m to groups with adults only and 150 m to groups with calves, are maintained within the Port Stephens-Great Lakes Marine Park (PSGLMP).Implications. Management plans whose stated goals include both sustainability of a dolphin-watching industry and longer-term viability of a dolphin population may reconcile conflicting objectives and improve their decision making by using these empirical measures rather than best guesses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distance does matter: close approaches by boats impede feeding and resting behaviour of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins

2011

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“…The dimension is one of psychological distance from the predator that is determined by physical, temporal, and probabilistic closeness to contact with the threat. Characteristics of threat also determine imminence; so, for example, a gazelle flees from a lion before it flees from a hyena (Walther 1969). Defensive behaviors are divided into three stages or modes (Timberlake and Lucas 1989)-pre-encounter, post-encounter, and circa-strike (see Fig.…”

Section: Predatory Imminence Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobehavioral perspectives on the distinction between fear and anxiety

2015

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In this review, we discuss the usefulness of the distinction between fear and anxiety. The clinical use of the labels is ambiguous, often defining one in terms of the other. We first consider what a useful, objective, and scientifically valid definition would entail and then evaluate several fear/anxiety distinctions that have been made in the neurobiological literature. A strong distinction should specify the difference in conditions that lead to fear versus anxiety. Additionally, fear and anxiety should generate distinct sets of behaviors. Ideally, the two states should be supported by distinguishable neuroanatomical circuits. Such a conceptualization would be consistent with the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoc). The majority of neurobiological approaches to the fear versus anxiety distinction fail to differentiate the two states in terms of behavior, often using the exact same behavioral measures as indicators. Of the two that do, only Predatory Imminence Theory provides a distinction both in terms of cause and effect. Indeed, that approach provides a ready distinction of anxiety, fear, and panic in terms of both antecedent conditions and response selection rules. Additionally, it appeals to distinct neural circuits to generate these modes of action.Clear definitional distinctions between fear and anxiety have been elusive. There is also ambiguity in relating clinical classifications to preclinical laboratory models. The intention of this review is to describe and evaluate several neurobehavioral approaches to the distinction between fear and anxiety. A clear, research-based definition of fear and anxiety should help clarify the natural function of these brain states and point to how their dysfunction manifests as particular anxiety disorders. This relationship is becoming increasingly important with the National Institute of Mental Health's adoption of Research Domain Criteria (RDoc), which specifically attempts to link preclinical research with clinical phenomenology. The purpose of the RDoc systems is to ". . .to translate rapid progress in basic neurobiological and behavioral research to an improved integrative understanding of psychopathology and the development of new and/or optimally matched treatments for mental disorders" (National Institute of Mental Health 2013).To accomplish this goal, we will first consider the characteristics of a good definitional distinction between fear and anxiety. Then, after briefly reviewing the circuitry responsible for fear and anxiety, we will evaluate several neurobehavioral models with respect to those characteristics. Parsing the strengths and weaknesses of these models as well as analyzing the mechanisms and circuitry that underlie fear learning may point toward a better understanding of the fear/anxiety distinction. It should also help forge a clearer relationship between these models and specific anxiety disorders. We also clarify the relationship of the RDoc criteria to these animal models.

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“…This was carried out with regards to selected environmental factors that are known to be important for the settlement of the colonies and the distribution at sea already studied, such as attributes of the field that provide suitable sites to nest and adequate patches to find preys at sea. We tested the hypothesis that the size and/or location of the colonies are influenced by human disturbance as well as the abundance or presence of birds at sea, associated to food search, considering that animals perceive human disturbance in a similar way to predation risk (Walther 1969). In this scenario we expect to find larger colonies of both species as well as more individuals foraging at sea farthest from the focus of disturbance evaluated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of anthropic activity on the Imperial Cormorants and Rock Shags colonies in the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego

Rosciano

Svagelj²,

Rey

2013

Rev. biol. mar. oceanogr.

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Resumen.-Las aves marinas son importantes componentes del ecosistema marino y para las economías locales a través del ecoturismo. Distintas fuentes de disturbio humano pueden afectar a estas aves, causando un decrecimiento en el éxito reproductivo o el tamaño poblacional. Las colonias de nidificación de Phalacrocorax atriceps y P. magellanicus constituyen un atractivo turístico importante para la ciudad de Ushuaia, donde el número de embarcaciones turísticas que las visitan ha incrementado en los últimos años. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar si hay influencia de las actividades humanas en la distribución y abundancia de las colonias de cormoranes y de los individuos en el mar, en el Canal Beagle, Tierra del Fuego. Se definieron variables explicatorias de origen antrópico, como distancia al recorrido del catamarán, y ambientales, como sustrato adecuado para anidar y batimetría, y se relacionaron con datos de tamaño de las colonias y la distribución de alimentación de los cormoranes. La distribución de las colonias y de los individuos en el mar de P. atriceps y P. magellanicus en el Canal Beagle no fueron afectadas por las actividades turísticas. La abundancia de P. magellanicus en las colonias estuvo asociada con islas de gran superficie de acantilados rocosos disponibles para anidar. La distribución de P. atriceps en el mar estuvo relacionada con aguas poco profundas. Aunque no se observó impacto antropogénico en nuestro estudio, dado el aumento del tráfico de embarcaciones y del turismo, se sugieren estudios más específicos y de largo plazo que permitan precisar pautas de manejo del turismo sustentable. Palabras clave: Canal Beagle, disturbio humano, Phalacrocorax atriceps, Phalacrocorax magellanicus, turismoAbstract.-Seabirds are important components of the marine ecosystem and provide an income for local economies through ecotourism. Human disturbance may affect colonial birds causing a decrease in reproductive success and population size. Breeding colonies of Phalacrocorax atriceps and P. magellanicus, are one of the major tourist attractions of Ushuaia city and the number of tourist vessels visiting colonies increased in recent years. We aim to evaluate if there is an influence of human activities on the distribution and abundance of Cormorants´ and Shags´ colonies and individuals at sea in the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego. Explanatory variables from anthropic source, such as distance to the vessels route, and environmental variables, as adequate substrate type to nest and bathymetry, for each species were defined and related to the data recorded of the size of both species colonies and the feeding distribution. Allocation of colonies and distribution at sea of P. atriceps and P. magellanicus in the Beagle Channel were not affected by tourism activities. Abundance of P. magellanicus at the colonies was associated to islands with a large surface of rocky cliffs available for nesting. Distribution of P. atriceps at sea was related to shallow waters. Although no anthropogenic impact was noticed in our study, ...

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Flight Behaviour and Avoidance of Predators in Thomson's Gazelle (Gazella Thomsoni Guenther 1884)

Cited by 226 publications

References 2 publications

Distance does matter: close approaches by boats impede feeding and resting behaviour of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins

Distance does matter: close approaches by boats impede feeding and resting behaviour of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins

Neurobehavioral perspectives on the distinction between fear and anxiety

Effect of anthropic activity on the Imperial Cormorants and Rock Shags colonies in the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego

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