Flipping the switch: bringing order to flagellar assembly

Ferris, Hedda U.; Minamino, Tetsuo

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.10.006

Cited by 78 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 56 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Another well-characterized example of the regulation of paralogous proteins by protein-protein interaction is observed in the chemotactic response of E. coli. In this case CheR and CheB cause the post-translational regulation of the methylaccepting chemotaxis proteins Trg, Tap, Tar, Aer and Tsr, paralogous proteins that undergo changes in their methylation state in response to chemical stimuli, thus establishing the swimming pattern (Ferris & Minamino, 2006) (See Group 41 of Supplementary Tables S1 and S3). From our set of paralogous genes, we found nine groups regulated by protein-protein interactions in E. coli and nine groups in B. subtilis (Supplementary Tables S1 and S2).…”

Section: Protein-protein Interactions Modulate the Activity Of Paralomentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights into the regulatory networks of paralogous genes in bacteria

et al. 2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Extensive genomic studies on gene duplication in model organisms such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have recently been undertaken. In these models, it is commonly considered that a duplication event may include a transcription factor (TF), a target gene, or both. Following a gene duplication episode, varying scenarios have been postulated to describe the evolution of the regulatory network. However, in most of these, the TFs have emerged as the most important and in some cases the only factor shaping the regulatory network as the organism responds to a natural selection process, in order to fulfil its metabolic needs. Recent findings concerning the regulatory role played by elements other than TFs have indicated the need to reassess these early models. Thus, we performed an exhaustive review of paralogous gene regulation in E. coli and Bacillus subtilis based on published information, available in the NCBI PubMed database and in well-established regulatory databases. Our survey reinforces the notion that despite TFs being the most prominent components shaping the regulatory networks, other elements are also important. These include small RNAs, riboswitches, RNA-binding proteins, sigma factors, protein-protein interactions and DNA supercoiling, which modulate the expression of genes involved in particular metabolic processes or induce a more complex response in terms of the regulatory networks of paralogous genes in an integrated interplay with TFs. IntroductionGene duplication is one of the main sources of functional divergence in organisms (Babu et al., 2004;Conant & Wolfe, 2008;Gelfand, 2006;Lynch & Conery, 2000;Teichmann & Babu, 2004). In order to fulfil an organism's metabolic needs, selection processes modify the regulation of the paralogous gene copies, taking advantage of a repertoire of new functions. Duplication events may include genes coding for transcription factors (TFs), permitting a more versatile adaptation of the functional diversity gained from the duplication of structural genes. Different aspects of the evolution of the regulatory networks of paralogous genes have been examined, including the co-evolution of the upstream regulatory regions and their corresponding TFs; the likely consequences of gain, loss, and replacement of TFs in the regulatory networks of paralogous genes (Gelfand, 2006;Teichmann & Babu, 2004); and also the topological and dynamic properties of the regulatory networks (Babu et al., 2006;Balaji et al., 2007; Luscombe et al., 2004). This review will consider the fascinating repertoire of additional mechanisms other than TFs, which help regulate the expression of paralogous genes in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. This analysis is derived from an extensive compilation of the regulatory information available from the NCBI PubMed database and deposited in the E. TFs are essential elements in the regulatory networks of paralogous genes TFs are the most prominent and usually the only regulatory element taken into account in any of the aforementioned stu...

show abstract

Section: Protein-protein Interactions Modulate the Activity Of Paralomentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights into the regulatory networks of paralogous genes in bacteria

et al. 2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The bacterial flagellum is assembled in a sequential manner involving more than 30 gene products and has been studied most extensively in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium [3,[7][8][9]. Flagellar genes are generally divided into early, middle, and late (expressed from class I, II, and III promoters, respectively) based upon their temporal expression patterns.…”

Section: Coupling Secretory Activity To Flagellar Assemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Completion of the HBB complex triggers two related events. First, there is a switch in the substrate specificity of the T3SS from rod/hook proteins to the late secretion substrates (i.e., flagellin monomer, capping protein) which are required for the final stages of flagellar assembly [8]. The second event, a shift from middle to late gene expression, is mediated by the type III secretion chaperones FliT, FliA, and FlgN, and is intimately linked to secretion of their cognate secretion substrates.…”

Section: Coupling Secretory Activity To Flagellar Assemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of gene expression by type III secretory activity

Brutinel

Yahr

2008

Current Opinion in Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryThe bacterial flagellum and the highly related injectisome (or needle complex) are among the most complicated multi-protein structures found in Gram-negative microorganisms. The assembly of both structures is dependent upon a type III secretion system. An interesting regulatory feature unique to these systems is the coordination of gene expression with type III secretory activity. This means of regulation ensures that secretion substrates are expressed only when required during the assembly process or upon completion of the fully functional structure. Prominent within the regulatory scheme are secreted proteins and type III secretion chaperones that exert effects on gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Although the major structural components of the flagellum and injectisome systems are highly conserved, recent studies reveal diversity in the mechanisms used by secretion substrates and chaperones to control gene expression.

show abstract

“…Genetic studies have shown that FliK cooperates with export gateway protein FlhB (Hirano et al, 1994). The exact mechanism whereby FliK senses hook length remains unclear (Ferris & Minamino, 2006;Hirano et al, 2005;Keener, 2005;Minamino & Pugsley, 2005) and may depend not only on molecular interactions of proteins of the export pathway but also on temporal or kinetic aspects of hook growth (Minamino et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%