Flooding events and rising water temperatures increase the significance of the reed pathogen Pythium phragmitis as a contributing factor in the decline of Phragmites australis

Nechwatal, Jan; Wielgoss, Anna Marina; Mendgen, Kurt

doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9476-z

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…, ), including many that are virulent to Phragmites seedlings (Nechwatal et al. ,b; Nechwatal and Mendgen ) and other members of the Poaceae. If americanus seedlings are differentially more susceptible to P. phragmitis, P. sylvaticum , and other pathogenic taxa than australis seedlings, any pathogen amplification during soil conditioning by australis populations may limit the establishment and subsequent dominance of americanus seedlings and possibly other native species in invaded sites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil pathogen communities associated with native and non‐native Phragmites australis populations in freshwater wetlands

Nelson

Karp

2013

Ecology and Evolution

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Soil pathogens are believed to be major contributors to negative plant–soil feedbacks that regulate plant community dynamics and plant invasions. While the theoretical basis for pathogen regulation of plant communities is well established within the plant–soil feedback framework, direct experimental evidence for pathogen community responses to plants has been limited, often relying largely on indirect evidence based on above-ground plant responses. As a result, specific soil pathogen responses accompanying above-ground plant community dynamics are largely unknown. Here, we examine the oomycete pathogens in soils conditioned by established populations of native noninvasive and non-native invasive haplotypes of Phragmites australis (European common reed). Our aim was to assess whether populations of invasive plants harbor unique communities of pathogens that differ from those associated with noninvasive populations and whether the distribution of taxa within these communities may help to explain invasive success. We compared the composition and abundance of pathogenic and saprobic oomycete species over a 2-year period. Despite a diversity of oomycete taxa detected in soils from both native and non-native populations, pathogen communities from both invaded and noninvaded soils were dominated by species of Pythium. Pathogen species that contributed the most to the differences observed between invaded and noninvaded soils were distributed between invaded and noninvaded soils. However, the specific taxa in invaded soils responsible for community differences were distinct from those in noninvaded soils that contributed to community differences. Our results indicate that, despite the phylogenetic relatedness of native and non-native P. australis haplotypes, pathogen communities associated with the dominant non-native haplotype are distinct from those of the rare native haplotype. Pathogen taxa that dominate either noninvaded or invaded soils suggest different potential mechanisms of invasion facilitation. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that non-native plant species that dominate landscapes may “cultivate” a different soil pathogen community to their rhizosphere than those of rarer native species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil pathogen communities associated with native and non‐native Phragmites australis populations in freshwater wetlands

Nelson

Karp

2013

Ecology and Evolution

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“…in P. australis leaves within declining populations at Lake Constance, Germany (see also Nechwatal, Wielgoss & Mendgen ). In North America, soils from native and non‐native (European) P. australis were dominated by Pythium species, with differences in composition and diversity (Nechwatal, Wielgoss & Mendgen ; Nelson & Karp ). A follow‐up study by Crocker, Karp & Nelson () found that many of the Pythium taxa they detected in Phragmites in the North American Great Lakes region are also found in the native range of P. australis in Europe.…”

Section: Herbivory and Diseasementioning

confidence: 98%

“…The increasing frequency of extreme weather events (e.g. Lake Constance flood; Ostendorp, Dienst & Schmieder 2003) combined with the subsequently elevated populations of pathogens such as Pythium phragmitis (Nechwatal, Wielgoss & Mendgen 2008b) is likely to threaten the productivity and functional benefits of native reedbeds (Cui et al 2010; see II for the threshold of flooding that reed can cope with). Regulation of rivers and lakes creates artificial high-flow events that similarly inhibit Phragmites performance (Ostendorp & Dienst 2009).…”

Section: ( E ) G L O B a L C H A N G Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Flora of the British Isles:Phragmites australis

et al. 2017

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Summary1. This account presents comprehensive information on the biology of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (P. communis Trin.; common reed) that is relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors and to the abiotic environment, plant structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and diseases, as well as history including invasive spread in other regions, and conservation. 2. Phragmites australis is a cosmopolitan species native to the British flora and widespread in lowland habitats throughout, from the Shetland archipelago to southern England. It is widespread throughout Ireland and is native in the Channel Islands. Native populations occur naturally in temperate zones and on every continent except Antarctica. Some populations in Australia and North America have been introduced from elsewhere and have become naturalized, and in North America, some of these are known to be invasive where they compete with native local populations of P. australis. Typical habitats in Britain range from shallow still water along waterbody edges to marshlands, saltmarshes and drier habitat on slopes up to 470 m above sea level. Additional habitats outside Britain are springs in arid areas, riverine lowlands (À5 m above sea level) and groundwater seepage points up to 3600 m above sea level. Although it occurs on a wide range of substrates and can tolerate pH from 2Á5 to 9Á8, in Britain it prefers pH >4Á5 and elsewhere it thrives in mildly acidic to mildly basic conditions (pH 5Á5-7Á5). The species plays a pivotal role in the successional transition from open water to woodland. 3. Phragmites australis is a tall, helophytic, wind-pollinated grass with annual shoots up to 5 m above-ground level from an extensive system of rhizomes and stolons. A single silky inflorescence develops at the end of each fertile stem and produces 500-2000 seeds. The plant is highly variable genetically and morphologically. 4. Expansion of established populations is mainly through clonal growth of the horizontal rhizome system and ground-surface stolons, while new populations can establish from rhizomes, stem fragments and seeds. Shoots generally emerge in spring, with timing determined primarily by physiology that is mediated by external conditions (e.g. local climate including frost).*Nomenclature of vascular plants follows Stace (2010). This account supersedes that of Phragmites communis by Haslam (1972).

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“…2005) and are highly virulent to P. australis seedlings (Nechwatal et al. 2008a,b) and rhizomes (Nechwatal and Mendgen 2009; Nechwatal and Lebecka 2014). Similarly, a diversity of oomycetes has been identified from both P .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence of oomycete pathogens from Phragmites australis‐invaded and noninvaded soils to seedlings of wetland plant species

Crocker

Karp

Nelson

2015

Ecology and Evolution

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Soil pathogens affect plant community structure and function through negative plant–soil feedbacks that may contribute to the invasiveness of non-native plant species. Our understanding of these pathogen-induced soil feedbacks has relied largely on observations of the collective impact of the soil biota on plant populations, with few observations of accompanying changes in populations of specific soil pathogens and their impacts on invasive and noninvasive species. As a result, the roles of specific soil pathogens in plant invasions remain unknown. In this study, we examine the diversity and virulence of soil oomycete pathogens in freshwater wetland soils invaded by non-native Phragmites australis (European common reed) to better understand the potential for soil pathogen communities to impact a range of native and non-native species and influence invasiveness. We isolated oomycetes from four sites over a 2-year period, collecting nearly 500 isolates belonging to 36 different species. These sites were dominated by species of Pythium, many of which decreased seedling survival of a range of native and invasive plants. Despite any clear host specialization, many of the Pythium species were differentially virulent to the native and non-native plant species tested. Isolates from invaded and noninvaded soils were equally virulent to given individual plant species, and no apparent differences in susceptibility were observed between the collective groups of native and non-native plant species.

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Flooding events and rising water temperatures increase the significance of the reed pathogen Pythium phragmitis as a contributing factor in the decline of Phragmites australis

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

Soil pathogen communities associated with native and non‐native Phragmites australis populations in freshwater wetlands

Soil pathogen communities associated with native and non‐native Phragmites australis populations in freshwater wetlands

Biological Flora of the British Isles:Phragmites australis

Virulence of oomycete pathogens from Phragmites australis‐invaded and noninvaded soils to seedlings of wetland plant species

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