Floral Analysis and Seasonal Dynamics of Mineral Levels in Carob Tree Leaves

Custódio, Luísa; Correia, Paulo de Barros; Martins-Loução, Maria Amélia; Romano, Anabela

doi:10.1080/01904160701289750

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Besides male trees, hermaphrodites are sometimes used as pollinators in carob orchards, and since they are both pollinators and pod producers, they could be the preferred ones. Studies on the mineral content of female and hermaphrodite trees growing in Portugal showed that hermaphrodites have a more efficient use of mineral resources, 42 which may have important economic implications in commercial orchards. Our results reinforce the view that hermaphrodite trees may have several advantages over female cultivars, namely, as a source of compounds with biological interest, which may represent an increase of their agronomic interest.…”

Section: Effect Of the Main Phenolic Compounds On Cancer Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Carob Tree Fruit Pulps Are Strongly Influenced by Gender and Cultivar

Custódio

Fernandes

Escapa

et al. 2011

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Extracts from fruit pulps of six female cultivars and two hermaphrodite Portuguese carob trees [(Ceratonia siliqua L., Fabaceae)] exhibited strong antioxidant activity and were rich in phenolic compounds. The extracts decreased the viability of different human cancer cell lines on a dose- and time-dependent manner. Gender and cultivar significantly influenced the chemical content and the biological activities of the extracts. Extracts from hermaphrodite trees had a higher content of phenolic compounds, and exhibited higher antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Among females, cv. Aida had the highest radical scavenging activity and total content of phenolics, Mulata the highest capacity to inhibit lipid oxidation and Gasparinha the strongest cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells. The decrease in cell viability was associated with apoptosis on HeLa and MDA-MB-231 lines. (+)-Catechin and gallic acid (GA) were the main compounds identified in the extracts, and GA contributed to the antioxidant activity. Our results show that the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of carob tree fruit pulps are strongly influenced by gender and cultivar, and provide new knowledge about the advantages of hermaphrodite trees over female cultivars, namely, as a source of compounds with biological interest, which may represent an increase of their agronomic interest.

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Section: Effect Of the Main Phenolic Compounds On Cancer Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Carob Tree Fruit Pulps Are Strongly Influenced by Gender and Cultivar

Custódio

Fernandes

Escapa

et al. 2011

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…Nitrogen levels within leaves vary little through the year suggesting that the N in flowers was taken from stores in the trunk and roots rather than being translocated from the leaves (Custódio et al, 2007). Flowers had higher concentrations of N, P and K but lower levels of Mn than leaves.…”

Section: Physiological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…respectively (Custódio et al, 2007). The high levels of N in flowers have been taken to indicate the importance of N supply in maintaining commercial fruit yield (Correia & Martins-Louçâo, 1993, 2005.…”

Section: Physiological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

International Biological Flora:Ceratonia siliqua

Thomas,

Garcia‐Martí,

Mukassabi

et al. 2024

Journal of Ecology

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This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ceratonia siliqua L. (Carob) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the International Biological Flora: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation. Ceratonia siliqua is a lowland evergreen shrub or tree, native around the Mediterranean basin and widely cultivated in areas with a warm temperate and subtropical climate, with more than 100 named cultivars. Carob grows on a wide range of soils including nutrient‐poor and strongly calcareous, dry soils. Carob is dioecious or rarely hermaphrodite although females dominate in cultivation due to their fruit. Pollination is primarily by insects and the relatively large seeds are spread mainly by ingestion of fruits by mammals. Seed dormancy is imposed by a hard seed coat and seeds germinate readily after natural or artificial scarification. Drought tolerance is very high, acting as a drought avoiding water spender. Carob is also very tolerant of saline conditions and tolerant of fire and can act to restrict wildfire spread by generating fuel discontinuity. It shows high post‐fire regrowth. Old individuals house a diversity of associated fauna and are comparatively unaffected by serious pests and diseases. Carob has a long cultural history around the Mediterranean as a food source for humans and domesticated animals, in herbal and modern medicine and, more recently, for the carob bean gum used in a variety of domestic products and foods. Commercial production of fruits has declined over past decades but the low cultural care needed in growing orchards, potential new markets for fruit and seeds, and growing use of the tree to prevent soil erosion and sequester carbon gives carob a brighter future.

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“…Furthermore, a variety of bioactive compounds were found in all parts of Ceratonia siliqua L., (leaves, pods, and seeds), such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, as well as nutritional compounds, such as vitamins, protein, lipids, and minerals. [ 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Different Extraction Methods on the Phenolic Profile and the Antioxidant Potential of Ceratonia siliqua L. Pods Extracts

et al. 2022

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The present work was designed to investigate the effects of different extraction processes, namely ultrasonic-assisted, supercritical fluid, microwave-assisted and Soxhlet applied to carob pods. The total phenolic quantification and the antioxidant activity were assessed by the means of rapid in vitro spectrophotometric assays; the phenolic profile was identified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The results revealed that the phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity varied significantly with the nature of the extraction process. The content of total phenolic compounds ranged from 11.55 to 34.38 mg GAE/g DW; the content of total flavonoids varied from 3.50 to 10.53 mg QE/g DW, and the content of condensed tannins fluctuated from 3.30 to 6.55 mg CE/ g DW. All extracts performed differently on antioxidant activity when determined by the DPPH assay producing a dose-dependent response, with IC50 extended from 11.33 to 6.07 µg/mL. HPLC analysis enabled the identification of nine compounds. As a function of the studied extraction methods, the phenolic compound contents were positively correlated with antioxidant activity.

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Floral Analysis and Seasonal Dynamics of Mineral Levels in Carob Tree Leaves

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Carob Tree Fruit Pulps Are Strongly Influenced by Gender and Cultivar

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Carob Tree Fruit Pulps Are Strongly Influenced by Gender and Cultivar

International Biological Flora:Ceratonia siliqua

Evaluation of Different Extraction Methods on the Phenolic Profile and the Antioxidant Potential of Ceratonia siliqua L. Pods Extracts

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