RESUMO -Os redutores de crescimento têm sido utilizados com sucesso em trigo, evitando o acamamento, mas a recomendação de uso não diferencia cultivares quanto ao porte. Visando determinar a dose e a época de aplicação mais adequadas de trinexapac-ethyl (Moddus), em cultivares de trigo, realizaram-se experimentos na Fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, no ano de 2005. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 6, com três repetições para cada cultivar de trigo. Os tratamentos constaram de duas doses de nitrogênio (50 e 240 kg ha -1 ), duas épocas de aplicação de trinexapac-ethyl (entre o 1 o e o 2 o nó e entre o 2 o e o 3 o nó perceptí-vel) e de seis doses de trinexapac-ethyl (0, 31,2, 62,5, 93,7, 125,0 e 156,2 g ha -1 ). Foram utilizados oito cultivares de trigo com diferentes respostas ao acamamento: OR-1, CD-104 e CD-105 (resistentes), Alcover, Ônix e Vanguarda (moderadamente resistentes), Supera (moderadamente suscetível) e CEP-24 (suscetível). Avaliaram-se características agronômicas, componentes da produção e produtividade. O clima ameno não foi favorável à ocorrência de acamamento, que foi observado somente para as menores doses de trinexapac-ethyl no cultivar CEP-24. A dose de nitrogênio afetou características da planta e a produtividade de alguns cultivares. O estádio de aplicação de trinexapac-ethyl não afetou de forma substancial a produtividade, e sim a altura das plantas, que foi menor quanto mais tardia a aplicação. Em geral, a equação de ajuste da produtividade em relação às doses de trinexapacethyl foi quadrática, ocorrendo aumento da produção com o aumento da dose do redutor, até um limite, variável de acordo com o cultivar.Palavras-chave: altura de planta, acamamento de planta, produtividade, trinexapac-ethyl, Triticum aestivum. (0, 31.2, 62.5, 93.7, 125.0 and 156.2 g ha -1 ). Eight wheat cultivars of different lodging performances were used: Alcover, Ônix and Vanguarda (moderately resistant), Supera (moderately susceptible), ABSTRACT -Growth reducers have been used successf ully in wheat, preventing lodging, but use recommendation does not differentiate cultivar height. Experiments were conducted at the UEPG School Farm in 2005 to determine the rate and time of trinexapac-ethyl (Moddus) application in wheat cultivar. The experimental was arranged in complete randomized blocks, in a 2 x 2 x 6 factorial scheme, with three repetitions for each wheat cultivar. The treatments consisted of two nitrogen rates (50 and 240 kg ha -1 ), two trinexapac-ethyl application times (between first and second knot and between second and third perceivable knot) and six trinexapac-ethyl rates

Extracts from fruit pulps of six female cultivars and two hermaphrodite Portuguese carob trees [(Ceratonia siliqua L., Fabaceae)] exhibited strong antioxidant activity and were rich in phenolic compounds. The extracts decreased the viability of different human cancer cell lines on a dose- and time-dependent manner. Gender and cultivar significantly influenced the chemical content and the biological activities of the extracts. Extracts from hermaphrodite trees had a higher content of phenolic compounds, and exhibited higher antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Among females, cv. Aida had the highest radical scavenging activity and total content of phenolics, Mulata the highest capacity to inhibit lipid oxidation and Gasparinha the strongest cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells. The decrease in cell viability was associated with apoptosis on HeLa and MDA-MB-231 lines. (+)-Catechin and gallic acid (GA) were the main compounds identified in the extracts, and GA contributed to the antioxidant activity. Our results show that the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of carob tree fruit pulps are strongly influenced by gender and cultivar, and provide new knowledge about the advantages of hermaphrodite trees over female cultivars, namely, as a source of compounds with biological interest, which may represent an increase of their agronomic interest.

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This work aimed to evaluate the phytochemical content and to determine the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of methanol extracts of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) germ flour. The extracts were rich in phenolic compounds, had considerable antioxidant activity, and reduced the viability of cervical (HeLa) cancer cells. The chemical content and the biological activities of the extracts were significantly affected by gender and cultivar. Female cultivar Galhosa had the highest levels of phenolic compounds, and the highest antioxidant activity. Extracts from the hermaphrodite trees and from the female cultivars Galhosa and Costela/Canela exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity. The most abundant compound was theophylline. The phenolic content was correlated to both antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Our findings provide new knowledge about the health implications of consuming food supplemented with carob germ flour.