Floral biology of wild marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) and its relation to essential oil composition

Investigation on pollination approaches, reproductive biology and essential oil variation during floral development in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)

“…Salehi and Hazrati 48 ; and Kumar et al 46 reported that the quality and quantity of essential oil were higher at noon, which may be because during noon hours' capitula are at full blossom and in the anthesis phase. Similarly, Kumar et al 23 suggested post anthesis as the right stage of harvesting wild marigold for higher essential oil content and quality. The percent distribution of constituents and principal component analysis over three floral developmental stages also depicted that full blossom to end of blossom stages contributed the maximum variability in chamazulene and bisabolol contents in German chamomile.…”

“…Similar to the present study, several other reports on aromatic crops of western Himalaya identified different reproductive stages with unique characteristics. For instance, floral development was identified in six different stages with unique characters in wild marigold 23 and inflorescence development of palmarosa were characterized in ten reproductive stages to utilize the information in breeding programs 24 . However, reports on reproductive stages and their unique char- www.nature.com/scientificreports/ acteristics are not available in chamomile.…”

“…Thus, knowledge of reproductive biology, floral development stages, pollination behavior and breeding systems are of primary importance for researchers to decide on strategies for genetic improvement. Moreover, understanding of reproductive stages with their unique features, anthesis flushes and pollen viability will helpful in controlled pollination in several ways through identification of right stage of emasculation, way of emasculation, time of pollination and stage of pollination 23 , 24 . The studies on sequential happenings of anthesis flushes, breeding tools and reproductive biology are very scanty in German chamomile.…”

Clonal Propagation of Valeriana jatamansi Retains the Essential Oil Profile of Mother Plants: An Approach Toward Generating Homogenous Grade of Essential Oil for Industrial Use

“…Thirty clonal plants of CSIR-IHBT-VJ-05 were raised in the field under partial shade conditions (using 50% agro-shade net) for 3 years (2018–2021) along with thirty plants of control variety ‘Himbala.’ The EO content was determined by hydrodistillation ( Agnihotri et al, 2011 ; Thusoo et al, 2014 ; Kumar et al, 2020 , 2021 ) of 500 g of cleaned fresh rhizomes of the mother plant, cloned plants and control plants during the third year in Clevenger-type apparatus for 6 h in October 2020. The EO was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and placed in amber-colored vials at 4°C.…”

Phenotyping floral traits and essential oil profiling revealed considerable variations in clonal selections of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.)

“…The essential oil was analyzed over SH-RX-5Si/MS capillary column, Shimadzu Asia Pacific, USA (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm film thickness) attached to the gas chromatograph. The GC-MS analysis was carried out with the same conditions reported earlier [22][23][24] . The retention indices (RI) for all the chemical compounds were calculated using homologous series of n-alkanes C9-C24 (SUPELCO, Sigma-Aldrich).…”