Florigenic and Antiflorigenic Signaling in Plants

Matsoukas, Ianis G.; Massiah, Andrea J.; Thomas, Brian

doi:10.1093/pcp/pcs130

Cited by 87 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 180 publications

(227 reference statements)

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“…It has also been suggested that an increase in the source to sink sugar flow through the phloem may help transport florigenic substances, such as FT, that trigger the floral response in the meristem (Corbesier et al, 1998). Moreover, the activation of phloem-and meristem-specific sugar transporters associated with the flowering process (Matsoukas et al, 2012) strongly suggests this effect. Based on these findings, we propose a mechanism by which CO alteration of GBSS expression may help to liberate large amounts of sugars during the floral transition ( Figure 7).…”

Section: Discussion Transitory Starch Accumulation Depends On Daylengmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoperiodic Control of Carbon Distribution during the Floral Transition inArabidopsis

et al. 2014

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Flowering is a crucial process that demands substantial resources. Carbon metabolism must be coordinated with development through a control mechanism that optimizes fitness for any physiological need and growth stage of the plant. However, how sugar allocation is controlled during the floral transition is unknown. Recently, the role of a CONSTANS (CO) ortholog (Cr-CO) in the control of the photoperiod response in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and its influence on starch metabolism was demonstrated. In this work, we show that transitory starch accumulation and glycan composition during the floral transition in Arabidopsis thaliana are regulated by photoperiod. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, we demonstrate a role for CO in regulating the level and timing of expression of the GRANULE BOUND STARCH SYNTHASE (GBSS) gene. Furthermore, we provide a detailed characterization of a GBSS mutant involved in transitory starch synthesis and analyze its flowering time phenotype in relation to its altered capacity to synthesize amylose and to modify the plant free sugar content. Photoperiod modification of starch homeostasis by CO may be crucial for increasing the sugar mobilization demanded by the floral transition. This finding contributes to our understanding of the flowering process.

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Section: Discussion Transitory Starch Accumulation Depends On Daylengmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoperiodic Control of Carbon Distribution during the Floral Transition inArabidopsis

et al. 2014

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“…SPL3 and SPL9 members in the SAM directly promote the activation of floral meristem identity genes Yamaguchi et al, 2009). SPL9-like members have additional functions in leaves, where they activate the transcription of miR172b, which lowers the abundance AP2-like floral repressor transcripts and allows accumulation of FT mRNA (Zhu and Helliwell, 2011;Matsoukas et al, 2012;Wang, 2014).…”

Section: The Mir156-spl-mir172 Module As a Hub For Integration Of Flomentioning

confidence: 99%

Repression of lateral organ boundary genes by PENNYWISE and POUND-FOOLISH is essential for meristem maintenance and flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana1

et al. 2015

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ORCID IDs: 0000-0002-0050-4001 (B.C.S.); 0000-0002-3526-7982 (J.L.); 0000-0001-7896-6049 (M.P.); 0000-0001-7144-1274 (D.X.); 0000-0001-5026-095X (S.Ci.); 0000-0002-6496-3792 (S.R.H.); 0000-0003-1808-5172 (V.P.).In the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), endogenous and environmental signals acting on the shoot apical meristem cause acquisition of inflorescence meristem fate. This results in changed patterns of aerial development seen as the transition from making leaves to the production of flowers separated by elongated internodes. Two related BEL1-like homeobox genes, PENNYWISE (PNY) and POUND-FOOLISH (PNF), fulfill this transition. Loss of function of these genes impairs stem cell maintenance and blocks internode elongation and flowering. We show here that pny pnf apices misexpress lateral organ boundary genes BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1/2 (BOP1/2) and KNOTTED-LIKE FROM ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA6 (KNAT6) together with ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMEOBOX GENE1 (ATH1). Inactivation of genes in this module fully rescues pny pnf defects. We further show that BOP1 directly activates ATH1, whereas activation of KNAT6 is indirect. The pny pnf restoration correlates with renewed accumulation of transcripts conferring floral meristem identity, including FD, SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN LIKE genes, LEAFY, and APETALA1. To gain insight into how this module blocks flowering, we analyzed the transcriptome of BOP1-overexpressing plants. Our data suggest a central role for the microRNA156-SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE-microRNA172 module in integrating stress signals conferred in part by promotion of jasmonic acid biosynthesis. These data reveal a potential mechanism by which repression of lateral organ boundary genes by PNY-PNF is essential for flowering.Plant development relies on the activity of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) as a continuous source of founder cells for production of new leaves, shoots, and internodes throughout the life cycle (for review, see Aichinger et al., 2012). A tight balance between the allocation of cells to developing primordia and the perpetuation of pluripotent stem cells in the central zone maintains the SAM at a constant size. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the vegetative SAM produces leaves in a spiral phyllotaxy with dormant axillary meristems. In conjunction, internode elongation is repressed, resulting in a basal rosette. The transition to flowering is governed by internal and external signals that converge at the SAM to promote acquisition of inflorescence meristem (IM) fate (for review, see Amasino and Michaels, 2010;Srikanth and Schmid, 2011;Andrés and Coupland, 2012). This process, known as floral evocation, results in new patterns of growth at the shoot apex, including production of flowers, and an increase in stem elongation, called bolting. Lateral organ boundaries are specialized domains of restricted growth that separate meristem and organ compartments and produce axillary meristems (for review, see Aida and Tasaka, 2006;Tian et al., 2014). Early in the transition t...

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“…During the night, CO is rapidly degraded by the proteasome and FT expression is repressed (Valverde et al, 2004). Upon its production at dusk, the FT protein moves from phloem to the SAM, where it interacts with the locally transcribed FLOWERING LOCUS D (FD) transcription factor to activate floral integrators like SOC1 and AGL24 to induce flowering (Amasino, 2010;Matsoukas et al, 2012). Accordingly, genetic studies have placed the age pathway parallel with the photoperiodic pathway (Wang, 2014), both being required to determine the threshold of FT necessary for flowering competence.…”

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confidence: 99%

Deciphering the Role of POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX1 Variants in Regulating the Acquisition of Flowering Competence in Arabidopsis

et al. 2015

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Polycomb group (PcG) proteins play important roles in regulating developmental phase transitions in plants; however, little is known about the role of the PcG machinery in regulating the transition from juvenile to adult phase. Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) B lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region1 homolog (BMI1) POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX1 (PRC1) components participate in the repression of microRNA156 (miR156). Loss of AtBMI1 function leads to the up-regulation of the primary transcript of MIR156A and MIR156C at the time the levels of miR156 should decline, resulting in an extended juvenile phase and delayed flowering. Conversely, the PRC1 component EMBRYONIC FLOWER (EMF1) participates in the regulation of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE and MIR172 genes. Accordingly, plants impaired in EMF1 function displayed misexpression of these genes early in development, which contributes to a CONSTANSindependent up-regulation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) leading to the earliest flowering phenotype described in Arabidopsis. Our findings show how the different regulatory roles of two functional PRC1 variants coordinate the acquisition of flowering competence and help to reach the threshold of FT necessary to flower. Furthermore, we show how two central regulatory mechanisms, such as PcG and microRNA, assemble to achieve a developmental outcome.Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are conserved epigenetic regulators that mediate gene repression through the incorporation of histone-modifying marks (Calonje, 2014). As far as it is known, PcG proteins associate in two multiprotein complexes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana): POLYCOMB REPRES-SIVE COMPLEX1 (PRC1) and PRC2. The combined activity of the two complexes is required for stable repression of the target genes.The major function of PRC2 is to perform histone H3 lysine-27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) through the methyltransferase activity of CURLY LEAF (CLF) and SWINGER (SWN) during sporophyte development or of MEDEA in the endosperm (Chanvivattana et al., 2004). Other PRC2 components are the Drosophila melanogaster suppressor of zeste12 homologs VERNALIZATION2 (VRN2), EMBRYONIC FLOWER2 (EMF2), and FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED2, which confer specificity to the resulting PRC2s even though they have some overlapping functions (Chanvivattana et al., 2004), and finally MULTICOPY SUPPRESSOR OF INHIBITORY REGULATOR OF THE RAS-CYCLIC AMP PATHWAY and FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM, which are common subunits for the different PRC2s (Derkacheva and Hennig, 2014). On the other hand, the identity of Arabidopsis PRC1 is not defined yet. PRC1-mediated function can be histone 2A monoubiquitination (H2Aub) dependent, through the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the PRC1 RING finger proteins Arabidopsis B lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region1 homolog 1A (AtBMI1A)/B/C and AtRING1A/B, or H2Aub independent, which requires the activity of the PRC1 component EMF1 (Bratzel et al., 2010(Bratzel et al., , 2012Yang et al., 2013a;Calo...

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Florigenic and Antiflorigenic Signaling in Plants

Cited by 87 publications

References 180 publications

Photoperiodic Control of Carbon Distribution during the Floral Transition inArabidopsis

Photoperiodic Control of Carbon Distribution during the Floral Transition inArabidopsis

Repression of lateral organ boundary genes by PENNYWISE and POUND-FOOLISH is essential for meristem maintenance and flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana1

Deciphering the Role of POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX1 Variants in Regulating the Acquisition of Flowering Competence in Arabidopsis

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