Flow in AA and pA as an interplay of fluid-like and non-fluid like excitations

Kurkela, Aleksi; Wiedemann, Urs Achim; Wu, Bin

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7428-6

Cited by 77 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 119 publications

(213 reference statements)

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“…But for small systems such explanation is a matter of active debate, see e.g. the recent works [20,21,22], and initial state dynamics have also been invoked.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of non-eikonal corrections on azimuthal asymmetries in the color glass condensate

2019

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We analyse the azimuthal structure of two gluon correlations in the Color Glass Condensate including those effects that result from relaxing the shockwave approximation for the target. Working in the Glasma graph approach suitable for collisions between dilute systems, we compute numerically the azimuthal distributions and show that both even and odd harmonics appear. We study their dependence on model parameters, energy of the collision, pseudorapidity and transverse momentum of the produced particles, and length of the target. While the contribution from noneikonal corrections vanishes with increasing collision energy and becomes negligible at the energies of the Large Hadron Collider, it is found to be sizeable up to top energies at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.

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“…But for small systems such explanation is a matter of active debate, see e.g. the recent works [20,21,22], and initial state dynamics have also been invoked.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of non-eikonal corrections on azimuthal asymmetries in the color glass condensate

2019

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“…We have solved Eq. (7) for realistic initial transverse profiles [35]. Because the early-time approach to the attractor is governed by the longitudinal expansion rate, breaking the translational symmetry in the transverse directions can change the 1 þ 1D picture only to the extent to which transverse gradients are not negligible compared to the longitudinal one.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…7can be rescaled such that the evolution depends on only one dimensionless combination of model parameters, the opacityγ ¼ γR 3=4 ðε 0 τ 0 Þ 1=4 ¼ ðγ 3 ε 3=4 0 R 3 t 0 Þ 1=4 , see Refs. [35,36]. The opacity of a system increases with coupling strength (γ), transverse system size (R), and initial central energy density (ε 0 ); physical collision systems were estimated to correspond to a range of opacities,γ ≲ 2 for proton-nucleus collision, 2 ≲γ ≲ 4 for semiperipheral PbPb collisions and somewhat higher values in central PbPb collisions [35].…”

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confidence: 99%

Early- and Late-Time Behavior of Attractors in Heavy-Ion Collisions

et al. 2020

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Whether, how, and to what extent solutions of Bjorken-expanding systems become insensitive to aspects of their initial conditions is of importance for heavy-ion collisions. Here we study 1 þ 1D and phenomenologically relevant boost-invariant 3 þ 1D systems in which initial conditions approach a universal attractor. In Israel-Stewart theory (IS) and kinetic theory where the universal attractor extends to arbitrarily early times, we show that all initial conditions approach the attractor at early times by a power law while their approach is exponential at late times. In these theories, the physical mechanisms of hydrodynamization operational at late times do not drive the approach to the attractor at early times, and the early-time attractor is reached prior to hydrodynamization. In marked contrast, the attractor in strongly coupled systems is realized concurrent with hydrodynamization. This qualitative difference may offer a basis for discriminating weakly and strongly coupled scenarios of heavy-ion collisions.

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“…However, most studies so far invoked simple flows with a high degree of symmetry, begging the question whether the insights gained are more universally applicable and can perhaps explain the phenomenological success of (3+1)-d numerical fluid dynamics in describing heavy-ion collisions. First numerical studies of attractor behavior for (3+1)-d systems with longitudinal boost invariance [14,46,55,56] established the persistence of attractive behavior also in these more general systems where the expansion evolves from being primarily 1-dimensional at early times to full-fledged 3-dimensional expansion where the Knudsen number (i.e. the ratio between microscopic and macroscopic length scales) grows again at late times.…”

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confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamics from free-streaming to thermalization and back again

Chattopadhyay

Heinz

2020

Physics Letters B

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We study the evolution of the Knudsen and Reynolds numbers in (0+1)-dimensionally expanding fluids with Bjorken symmetry for systems whose microscopic mean free path rises more quickly with time than usually assumed. This allows us to explore within a simple 1-dimensional model the transition from initially thermalizing to ultimately decoupling dynamics. In all cases studied the dynamics is found to be controlled by a hydrodynamic attractor for the Reynolds number whose trajectory as a function of Knudsen number makes a characteristic turn as the dynamics changes from thermalizing to decoupling. We argue that this feature is robust and should also manifest itself in realistic 3-dimensional simulations of expanding heavy-ion collision fireballs.

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Flow in AA and pA as an interplay of fluid-like and non-fluid like excitations

Cited by 77 publications

References 119 publications

Effect of non-eikonal corrections on azimuthal asymmetries in the color glass condensate

Effect of non-eikonal corrections on azimuthal asymmetries in the color glass condensate

Early- and Late-Time Behavior of Attractors in Heavy-Ion Collisions

Hydrodynamics from free-streaming to thermalization and back again

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